The current state of knowledge indicates that there is more than one factor that initiates heartwood transition. This study supports its hypothesis on the theory that heartwood is formed by a fixed fraction of the annual growthring, 0,5 to 0,8 rings. To calculate heartwood volume modelings were carried out in four different pine stands with different spacings, 0,75, 1,25, 1,5 and three meters. The model indicates heartwood diameter (HWD) and is based on four explanatory variables, height (H), Crown ratio (CR%), diameter breast height (DBH) and tree height (TH). The shifting plant spacing results in varying growth rate in the juvenile stage.

What makes a Swede betake himself into the Chinese wilderness? How does the Rio Convention influence a plant collector? And who will crack the nut positioned 12 meters up in the Crown of a tree? There are many secrets behind the act of collecting plants. In many regards, the documentation of the collection of plants for a Swedish purpose has been unsatisfactory. The focus of the publications is on what plant species that have been found rather than information on how these plants have been collected. Only few results of experimental cultivation are available. There is no doubt that there exists knowledge that has not been publicised yet.

During the summer of 2007 I was employed by Högestad Christinehofs Förvaltning AB. My main task was to make an inventory of giant trees at the estate. Högestad and Christinehof,which with their total possession of 13 000 ha of land is the biggest estate in Scania. A giant tree is a tree with a diameter in breast height more then 1 meter. Trees of these dimensions are registered by Swedish authorities. Landowners with a giant tree on their property can receive a subsidy for cutting trees that are in competition with the giant tree.(Levenskog, 2007) Giant trees are important for biodiversity in the landscape and there are important habitats for different insects, birds, bats, lichens and funguses.

The aim of this study is to describe a number of type stands of lodge pole pine in Norrbotten with respect on stem volume and total biomass. Further questions to answer is if there is stand characteristics that make the stands more suitable for pulpwood in early thinning, or if it is better to apply whole tree harvest. The study shall also give an indication if bio energy can be an economical interesting alternative for Sveaskog. Sampled trees represented the variation in the different stands. Five trees were selected from each stand to represent that stand. Stem volume and biomass (kg dry weight (DW) per hectare) for each fraction was calculated.

The title of this study is: The Swedish assimilation of Scania during the period 1658-1720 - In descriptions of Danish and Swedish popular historians` during 20th century to current view. View of history, nationalism and science .                                                                                                          The study concerns the Swedish, after the conquest of Scania 1658, attempts to induce feelings of Swedish nationality to the people in former Danish province of Scania 1658-1720. The goal of this study was to analyze 20th century and present Swedish and Danish historians? descriptions of the Swedish and Danish treatment of the native Scania population. The aim was further to describe this historians` view of native rebellious group called ?snapphanar? and which measures were taken to assimilate the Scanian population to Swedish realm.

The title of this study is: The Swedish assimilation of Scania during the period 1658-1720 - In descriptions of Danish and Swedish popular historians` during 20th century to current view. View of history, nationalism and science .                                                                                                                                              The study concerns the Swedish, after the conquest of Scania 1658, attempts to induce feelings of Swedish nationality to the people in former Danish province of Scania 1658-1720. The goal of this study was to analyze 20th century and present Swedish and Danish historians? descriptions of the Swedish and Danish treatment of the native Scania population. The aim was further to describe this historians` view of native rebellious group called ?snapphanar? and which measures were taken to assimilate the Scanian population to Swedish realm.

Syfte: Att jämföra marginell och intern passform på kronor framställda genom fyra olika digitala avtryckssystem med kronor framställda genom konventionell avtrycksteknik, som kontrollgrupp. Metod: Femtio helkeramiska kronor framställdes från 50 standardiserade provkroppar, som delades in i fem grupper, där varje grupp representerade ett avtryckssystem. Varje krona cementerades på sin respektive provkropp och sektionerades till fyra segment. Den marginella och interna passformen mättes i 8 fördefinierade punkter. Totalt 1567 mätningar utfördes, analyserades och jämfördes. Resultat: (1) Gällande marginell spalt kunde inga signifikanta skillnader hittas då kontrollgruppen jämfördes med vart och ett av de digitala systemen. (2) Lava? hade mindre marginala spalter än CEREC® och iTero®, (3) CEREC och Lava hade mindre spalter i chamfern jämfört med iTero och kontroll, (4) E4D® visade mindre spalter än CEREC i mätpunkter 4-8 och CEREC visade en mindre spalt i mätpunkt 2, (5) Lava visade mindre spalter än CEREC i mätpunkter 1, 3 och 5-8.

The title of this study is: The Swedish assimilation of Scania during the period 1658-1720 - In descriptions of Danish and Swedish popular historians` during 20th century to current view. View of history, nationalism and science .                                                                                                          The study concerns the Swedish, after the conquest of Scania 1658, attempts to induce feelings of Swedish nationality to the people in former Danish province of Scania 1658-1720. The goal of this study was to analyze 20th century and present Swedish and Danish historians? descriptions of the Swedish and Danish treatment of the native Scania population. The aim was further to describe this historians` view of native rebellious group called ?snapphanar? and which measures were taken to assimilate the Scanian population to Swedish realm.

Med gallringseffekt menas att träden efter en gallring ökar sin diametertillväxt. Denna effekt har traditionellt tillskrivits den minskade konkurrensen om ljus och näringsämnen mellan träden. En alternativ förklaring till gallringeffekten är att vindpåverkan per träd blir högre i det gallrade beståndet, vilket leder till större svajningar för träden och därmed en ökad diametertillväxt. I studien undersöktes ifall vindens påverkan är en del av gallringseffekten på tall (Pinus sylvestris L). Lokalen för studien var SLU:s försökspark i Siljansfors utanför Mora. Omgivande tätheter av stamantal, grundyta, kronvolym och kronmantelyta beräknades på flera avstånd från varje individuellt träd.

A Biogas plant in SLU?s (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences) management sustains to behave in con-nection with the new animal stables at Lövsta. There will primarily manure from stables that rot to biogas. The biogas plant will also have the capacity that rot others substrates that can arise in the farm operation. The aim with the biogas plant is to produce non fossil electrical and gas heat for own customs, to reduce smell impact from stables and to make possible different types of research investments within the area.This study has implemented multiple cases study of different investment scenarios.

Sweden has almost 600 000 hectares planted with lodgepole pine, and large areas are soon ready to be clear-felled. The provenances that have been planted are producing high level of permanently closed, so called serotinous, cones. In their natural setting, the Canadian boreal forest, these cones are opened mainly after Crown fires when the heat make the resin between the cone scales melt, which releases the seeds. This is viewed as an adaption to the fire regimes that prevail over the natural distribution area of lodgepole pine. Because of the short flame-exposure that occurs in a Crown fire, the seeds can survive.

This thesis is built on a field study that was carried out in two seed-tree stands near by Götbrunna in Uppland, Sweden. The aim was to examine if scarification carried out in spring time could generate a more dense seedling establishment when using natural generation, than scarification carried out in autumn. It was also investigated whether there were differences in mortality the first season between the two plot-types. Plots were established block-wise with 50 blocks (pairs) on each site. The spring scarification was made with a hoe during 22-23 of April.

Queen Kristina of Sweden (1626-1689) is a person who has been widely studied during the years. She is known as the monarch who left the Swedish throne and the protestant faith in favour of the catholic Rome. Even though Kristina left her powerful position as queen of Sweden she never gave up her dignity as a sovereign.  My purpose with this study is to analyse historians and other scholars different research concerning Kristina?s notorious execution of Monaldesco in 1657.

I dagens skogsbruk bedöms gallringsbehovet utifrån gallringsmallar som ger rekommendationer baserade på avvägningar mellan biologisk kunskap, ekonomiska faktorer och risker. Gallringsmallarna är anpassade efter tänkta produktionsskogar och kan således vara bristfälliga i andra fall. Därför behövs en effektiv bedömningsmetod som fungerar i både homogena och heterogena bestånd. Studier har visat att tallens (Pinus sylvestris) grönkronandel har påvisad effekt på diametertillväxten och genom att uppskatta denna kan ett direkt mått ligga till grund för bedömning av gallringsbehov, istället för det indirekta måttet grundyta, som nuvarande gallringsmallar är utformade efter. Tanken är att undvika produktionsförluster genom att gallra innan grönkronan hissats upp alltför mycket.

Syfte: Vårt syfte med föreliggande arbete är att, mot bakgrund av existerande forskning, beskriva försvarsstrategier vid fientliga företagsförvärv. Vi avser även att undersöka ett antal fientliga förvärvserbjudanden och därigenom utreda vilka försvarsstrategier som förekommer och i vilka kombinationer dessa används. Målsättningen är även att göra en bedömning av vilka försvarsstrategier som är mest effektiva vid fientliga angrepp. Metod: Vi har främst använt oss av en kvalitativ metod. Uppsatsen kan delas in i tre olika metodiska faser.