Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to examine whether some periods of declines in Swedish real Credit can be explained by a Credit crunch. Is it further possible, with these results, to do any conclusions about the banks behaviour in the on going financial crisis that has shadowed the country since 2007/2008? Method: A Credit crunch is here defined as a period of supply-side restrictions on loans which doesn?t reflect the ongoing interest rates. By estimating a supply and demand function with a disequilibrium model the excess demand- and supply for Credit due to different periods can be calculated. Conclusion: A Credit crunch has been present during a period after the banking crisis of early 1990?s.

Internationally most Internet trade related payments are performed with the use of a Credit card based payment system on the Internet. Payment against invoice is still most common when trading over the Internet in Sweden. The security development, comfort and timesaving indicate that Credit card based payment systems on the Internet soon will have a breakthrough in Sweden as well. The Swedish legislation concerning payment is neither especially extensive nor suited to electronic payments but to payments performed with notes and coins. When the legal effects, of a payment performed with a Credit card based payment system on the Internet, set in is not fixed.

Today all private corporations are obligated by statutory audit. The government of Sweden appointed an investigation to conclude if the audit should be statutory or not. The investigator presented on the third of April 2008 a report (SOU 2008:32) that suggests abolishment of the statutory audit for approximately 97 % of all private corporations in Sweden. This will result in certain effects on the banks Credit rating because of the fact that the banks trust the audited accounts to have been audited by an independent audit.The most important in the banks Credit rating are: personal judgement, business concept, business plan and repayment ability. The banks also use the private corporations audited accounts in its Credit rating.We conducted a case study by interviewing four bank officials in different banks in Skövde and Tibro.

This study examines the background and nature of the Credit default index swaption (CDIS) and presentsrelevant methods for modelling Credit risk. A CDIS is a Credit derivative contract that gives the buyerright to enter into a Credit default index swap (CDS index) contract at a given point in time. ACDS index, in turn, is a multi-name Credit default swap (CDS). Within the eld of research, thisthesis identi es the CDIS pricing models presented by Jackson (2005), Rutkowski & Armstrong (2009)and Morini & Brigo (2011) as the most recognized and developed. These models are evaluated byreconstruction in a numerical software environment.

The Credit rating industry is a complex and fascinating industry. Its history stretches back more than 150 years and has gradually increased in importance. During its history the dynamics of the industry have changed. The extended-principal-agent model was developed by synthesizing different principal-agent-relationships into one model. This model provides a holistic understanding of the Credit rating industry and illustrates the interdependence between the different relationships.

Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to test for the existence of Capital Structure Arbitrage oppertunities in the equity-Credit markets. Methodology: The mispricing of Credit Default Swap contracts are calculated and used as input in an Equity-Credit market trading strategy. The returns are then evaluated with a modified Value-at-Risk simulation. Theoretical perspectives: A Merton-based structural model, CreditGrades, is used for Credit pricing and a mispricing-convergence trading-strategy between the Credit and equity markets is implemented. Empirical foundation: Daily quotes for the Credit Default Swap spread of 37 European firms were collected for a period of two years, as well as equity-prices for the same period and the previous two years, used for model calibration.

The real estate industry is a sector where the companies generally have a capital structure which is high leveraged. The financing? with the related terms ? is therefore specifically of high importance for the companies in the sector. Traditionally, the way of obtain financing is by borrowing from the bank. Lately, due to new bank regulations, the banks have become more restrictive in their lending which have lead to a growth of other financing alternatives.

Background: The hurricane in the south of Sweden in January 2005 was the worst storm in Sweden for the last hundred years. The storm named Gudrun has blown down forest that according to estimation is corresponding to one year of cutting down in the entire country.Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to describe how Credit granters act when facing falling forest real estate mortgage and describe if they will make considerations due to the storm in the south of Sweden 2005.Method: With help of a qualitative method, we investigated how the Credit granters act when facing falling forest real estate mortgage. Interviews were obtained with three Credit granters, SEB, Landshypotek and FöreningsSparbanken in the county of Jönköping and Kronoberg.Conclusion: The conclusion is based upon the empirical study, the analysis and our own reflections and it shows that the Credit granters do not change their policy concerning Credit granting to forest real estate properties. The policy of the Credit granters has proven to be valid even in this extreme situation..

Calculations of net present value are based on a discount rate, which requires knowledge about the company?s cost of debt. A common way to do this is by observing the company?s Credit rating, when no Credit rating is given it?s possible to use a synthetic rating model based on quantitative data to estimate a Credit rating. Thus, the aim of this study is to increase the understanding of which quantitative data, in terms of key figures, that can be used to explain the given Credit ratings for companies from the Nordic countries.In developing the model, key figures found significant in previous studies are being tested for whether or not they are applicable for companies from the Nordic countries.

Background: Investors use companies? Credit ratings as a base in their buy and sell decisions. Companies? Credit ratings are also used as indicators of safety in the legislation. This means that Credit rating agencies have an important role in the society because they communicate the company?s Credit rating to investors and other actors in the society.

Purpose: To investigate whether or not the Credit granters believe the quality in audits will deteriorate after the abolishment of statutory audit and, if that is the case, how the abolishment will strike the purpose and goal of accounting.Approach: To answer our purpose we carried out a literature study to later implement interviews with four granters of Credits specialised in business accounts.Findings: The process of Credit granting will not change after the abolishment of statutory audit for companies still using audit reports. Though, for other companies the process will change dramatically since the lean time of the process will increase. Higher demands will be put on these companies since the reliability in the economic information will decrease when it is no longer being reviewed in the same sense. Though, the Credit granters believe that some form of substitute for audit will be demanded in order for the companies to be granted Credits from the bank..

The possession over bills and coins has, on the whole, been replaced with a Credit balance on an account. Almost all payments today are processed by transmitting digital data and not by using cash. The Credit balance on an account is a demand that the holder ofthe account have towards his bank. Law regarding three part relationships: By using Göranson?s theory you can say that the Credit balance on an account may be object of possession.

The real estate industry is a sector where the companies generally have a capital structure which is high leveraged. The financing? with the related terms ? is therefore specifically of high importance for the companies in the sector. Traditionally, the way of obtain financing is by borrowing from the bank. Lately, due to new bank regulations, the banks have become more restrictive in their lending which have lead to a growth of other financing alternatives.

The real estate industry is a sector where the companies generally have a capital structure which is high leveraged. The financing? with the related terms ? is therefore specifically of high importance for the companies in the sector. Traditionally, the way of obtain financing is by borrowing from the bank. Lately, due to new bank regulations, the banks have become more restrictive in their lending which have lead to a growth of other financing alternatives.

The real estate industry is a sector where the companies generally have a capital structure which is high leveraged. The financing? with the related terms ? is therefore specifically of high importance for the companies in the sector. Traditionally, the way of obtain financing is by borrowing from the bank. Lately, due to new bank regulations, the banks have become more restrictive in their lending which have lead to a growth of other financing alternatives.