The new accounting standards IFRS and IAS was implemented in January 2005, the purpose was to harmonize accounting standards world wide. As a result of these new rules the real estate companies are allowed to appraise real estates assets at market value. It has long been debated whether this appraisal fulfils the requirements for relevance, reliability and comparability.The paper attends to how banks control the information given by the real estate companies in the process of credit granting. As an introduction we describe the purpose of accounting and the problematic´s about appraisals with market values. Further on there is a discussion on which factors are taken into consideration when banks grant credits.The study is built on interviews at three different commercial banks.

Managing credit risk might be the single most important business area for any commercial bank. The assessment of "good" and "bad" corporate clients is a important task for a creditor. A bad debtor is a corporate client with hardships in meeting the continous claims (interest payments) that a creditor requires. One way of evaluating or separating a "bad" client from a "good" client is to assess the propensity for the client to file for bankruptcy. This thesis examines 226 firms in the Swedsh market in the quest of predicting corporate bankruptcy.

It is mandatory for the countries in the European Union with company audit, still the countries can separately choose to exclude smaller companies from this rule. Most companies in the EU use this exception, Sweden is one of the few countries that does not. The Swedish government has recently announced that an inquiry will be made to examine the effect of an abolishment of the statutory audit for smaller companies.This study examines in what extent car selling companies use revised material when they give costumers credit and the consequences of an abolishment of the statutory audit for these companies. The conclusion of the study is that car selling companies feel secure knowing that their costumers have been audited. Most companies interviewed, buy credit information from external sources.The persons interviewed have a hard time knowing the outcome of the abolishment of the statutory auditing.

In this thesis, a computer program that in a simple way can calculate the performance of control loops at the refinery Preemraff Lysekil has been created. The computer program has been adapted to the environment at Preemraff Lysekil. Theories for evaluation has been studied in aspect of reliability and of automatic implementation. The evaluation has been carried out from data collected directly from control loops at the refinery and from simulated control loops with implemented errors. Among the studied methods are Harris index and Stattin´s oscillation index.

Account receivables tie up large amounts of capital in. Various reports show that the actual time for customer to pay their invoices is getting longer. This is a problem both from a society and a business economic perspective. The purpose of the essay is to find out if Swedish companies have longer credit days than normal contractual terms of payment and if so, can the business cycle or the geographical distribution of sales have an impact and does it make a difference if the companies have an active monitoring of the actual customer credit days. To answer this, we studied 12 listed companies in four different sectors between the years 2000-2008. In the analysis, we reason about the results of the study and how the various factors may have influenced the outcome.

Det finns få studier där kombinationer av nyckeltal används för att indentifiera undervärderade bolag. Denna undersökning kombinerar P/E-tal, P/B-tal samt direktavkastning för att ta reda på hur värdeinvesteringar har gett för avkastning mellan 1980 till 2010. Risken tas även hänsyn till.Denna studie testade hypoteserna statisktikt, vilket inte gjorts tidigare i stor utrstäckning. Resultaten blev att värdeinvesteringar har överavkastat index i Norden under tidsperioden, men det blev inte statistiskt signifikant. Värdeinvesteringar avkastade i genomsnitt 55,72 % mot index som avkastade 18,87 % i genomsnitt.Vi undrar om det är värt att ta hänsyn till risken vid värdeinvesteringar över så lång tidsperiod.

Kreditderivat är ett finansiellt instrument som upplevt en explosiv utveckling på stora finansiella marknader som exempelvis de i USA och England. Dock har denna massiva utveckling, relativt sett, uteblivit på den svenska finansmarknaden. Denna kandidatuppsats syftar till att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar användandet av kreditderivat i Sverige. Både positiva och negativa faktorer avhandlas på ett objektivt sätt med relevanta källor av olika slag. Fokus ligger på grundformen av kreditderivat, Credit Default Swaps.

The long-term external financing of a corporation is satisfied through the bond market where issues of index-linked bonds, which are discussed in this thesis, is one alternative. (Finnerty&Emery 2001) An index- linked bond is a debt instrument where the investor is guaranteed the principal and premium amount in real terms. As the bonds cash flows are indexed to the inflation this implies that the issuer of an index-linked bond assumes an inflation risk. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to describe and examine corporate motives for choosing index-linked bonds as way of financing their business. Realization: Primary data was collected through interviews with corporate issuers of non-swapped index-linked bonds.

This study explores whether environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues affect the monetary value of a company.The samples used in this study have been taken from the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) in South Africa. Since 2010, JSE have been categorizing companies using the King Code III criteria to establish a Socially Responsible Investment index (SRI index). Companies that fulfill the required number of criteria are classified as 'best performers' using the SRI index.  In this study the monetary value of a random sample of 'best performers' has been compared to the monetary value of a random sample of companies without an SRI index evaluation.This study found that companies without a SRI index have a higher unique risk, which means a lower stock price with a higher dividend yield. Companies with an SRI index evaluation have a lower unique risk, which means a higher stock price and lower dividend yield. In conclusion, this study shows that SRI adjusted companies have an enhanced monetary value in comparison to non- SRI adjusted companies..

RDB2 är en relationsdatabashanterare som har utvecklats på Högskolan i Skövde för att användas i undervisningssyfte. Åtkomsten av data i den nuvarande versionen av RDB2, version 0.93, anses vara ineffektiv. Lagringsstrukturen är uppbyggd med hjälp av en lagringsteknik som kallas hashing. Hashingen påverkar hur datan lagras fysiskt. När hashing inte kan användas måste åtkomsten ske sekvensiellt vilket leder till att åtkomsttiden blir dålig.

The title of this thesis is ?The preconditions of the acquisition guarantee- hard to design working political reforms?. The acquisition guarantee (förvärvsgaranti) is a form of credit guarantee issued by the Swedish government to credit institutes that give out housing loans to debtors with poor credit history. The reform hasn´t been used in any substantial extent.The purpose of the study is to investigate whether you could identify any problems with the preconditions that the governmental agency BKN was given to implement the acquisition guarantee, and if so describe which these problems are.Two questions are answered:1.      What preconditions for a working implementation of the guarantee, in the form of rules, objectives and directives was offered by the government in their steering of BKN?2.      How did the structural preconditions for a working implementation of the guarantee look like?By doing a text analysis of central documents I find that the lack of outcome could to some extent be related to weaknesses in how the reform was formulated.

Att bedöma och betygssätta företags kreditvärdighet är en stor och vinstbringande marknad. Ett företags kreditbetyg har visat sig ha stort inflytande när t ex lånevillkor behandlas. Detta ställer höga krav på kreditvärderingsföretagens förmåga att leverera korrekta analyser. Såväl långivare som investerare reagerar på ett ändrat kreditbetyg, vilket ger direkta effekter på det företag som betygssätts. Kreditvärderingsföretagen har kritiserats bland annat för att inte svara tillräckligt snabbt på ny information.

Mezzanine is a collective term for hybrid instruments on the leverage finance market, offered as an alternative to traditional debt. As a hybrid, mezzanine combines elements of debt and equity financing. Mezzanine appears, in its most common shape, as subordinated to the senior debt, but ranks higher than pure equity. Reminiscent of security interests, the main importance of subordination is upon the default of the borrower. Therefore, the aim of the thesis is partly to investigate the legal prerequisites for a solid subordination of mezzanine financing, and partly to explain the consequences of subordination in a default.

Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka årskurs nio elevers matvanor, och betyg i ämnet i idrott och hälsa utifrån genus. Studien genomfördes på två stycken skolor den ena i ett område med lågt socioekonomiskt index och den andra i ett område med högt socioekonomiskt index. Examensarbetet genomfördes med hjälp av information sammanställt från 77 stycken enkäter, betyg och relevant litteratur. Resultat av undersökning visar att det finns viss korrelation mellan elever som lever i områden med högt socioekonomiskt index har högre betyg i ämnet idrott och hälsa och god kosthållning i jämförelse med elever som bor i områden med lågt socioekonomiskt index som har lägre betyg och sämre kosthållning, dock går sambandet inte att säkert fastslå. Resultaten av studien visar att eleverna på skolan med lågt socioekonomiskt index äter mer onyttig mat och betydligt mindre frukost i jämförelse med eleverna på skolan med högt socioekonomiskt index.

Managing credit risk might be the single most important business area for any commercial bank. The assessment of "good" and "bad" corporate clients is a important task for a creditor. A bad debtor is a corporate client with hardships in meeting the continous claims (interest payments) that a creditor requires. One way of evaluating or separating a "bad" client from a "good" client is to assess the propensity for the client to file for bankruptcy. This thesis examines 226 firms in the Swedsh market in the quest of predicting corporate bankruptcy.