The aim of the study is to investigate reasoning about variation in learning, made by Waldorf, Freinet- and Bifrost pedagogues. The focal points are how the pedagogues reason about variation in learning and why they want to use variation. It is a qualitative study, and it is done through interviews with one Waldorf pedagogue, one Freinet pedagogue and one Bifrost pedagogue. The Conversation with each pedagogue is complemented by literature that describes and discusses each pedagogue?s specific teaching method. The results of the study are linked to different theories and reasoning by scientists and professors.

According to the national curriculum in Swedish schools, teachers have the responsibility to prevent and discourage psychological and physical harassment (Lgr 2011). This study focuses on 7 teachers with their viewpoint and understanding of bullying as a human based social problem. The teachers, as the informants, give their personal explanation on how they act, prevent and discourage bullying in their school. The research places the emphasis, based on, interviews from which teachers are telling, relating and explaining on how they say that they are preventing and discouraging bullying.The conclusion from this study is that the interviewed teachers do, from their viewpoint, understand bullying as psychological and physical harassment problem which is based on a question of interpretation in regards to the victim. The informants do place different emphasis on what causes the problem, if it is a question of the individual or of it is a problem based on the socialization between individuals.

SammandragDenna uppsats tar fasta på det växelspel som uppstår mellan deltagarna i ett samtal. I början och slutet av en samtalstur, det en talare framför till dess att nästa talare tar vid, finns ett s.k. övergångsområde. Syftet med studien är att lyfta fram den aktivitet som återfinns i detta område genom att studera hur samtalsdeltagarna orienterar sig mot varandra samt belysa dess betydelse för kommunikation och språkinlärning.Materialet som har använts är fyra inspelade samtal mellan vuxna andraspråksinlärare på grundläggande nivå och arbetet tar sin utgångspunkt i Conversation Analysis (CA) samt teorier om interaktionell lingvistik.Resultatet visar på en betydande aktivitet i övergångsområdet och att de samtalande utnyttjar uppbackningar och skratt för att upprätthålla ett positivt samtalsklimat. De samtalande orienterar sig mot varandra genom att låna ord mellan sig och be varandra om hjälp.Kommunikationen underlättas av de uppbackningar, frågor och skratt som återfinns, likt samtalets kitt, i övergångsområdet.

Denna uppsats var baserad på fem videoinspelade engelsklektioner i en klass i årskurs 6. I studien analyserades hur läraren använde sig av talspråk under den del av lektionerna som karaktäriseras av helklassundervisning. Undersökningen kom att inrikta sig på i vilken omfattning läraren och elever använde sig av frågor och på vilka olika sätt de användes i undervisningen. Med hjälp av analysmetoden Conversation analysis undersöktes hur frågorna var strukturerade och vilken funktion de hade i det gemensamma samtalet i klassrummet. I analysen av materialet undersöktes även elevernas olika respons på de frågor som de fick.

National tests has been carried out in fifth grade since 1996. Spring 2011 is the first year since the start, when it is no longer mandatory for Swedish schools to carry out the tests in fifth grade. Instead the tests will be moved to sixth grade, starting in spring 2012. This thesis investigates what effects the national tests has got on the teachers planning, but also what attitude the educators have to the tests. To solve the subject, teachers that are active in fifth grade and have recently carried out nationel tests in their class, were interviewed.

I det dagliga arbetet och som en del av omvårdnaden måste sjuksköterskan samtala med patienterna. Samtal kan vara väldigt svåra, vissa samtal är svårare än andra. För att oerfarna sjuksköterskor lättare skall kunna relatera och hantera dessa samtal i yrkeslivet var syftet med studien att beskriva vad sjuksköterskor anser vara det svåraste i svåra samtal. Ett fåtal studier beskriver vad sjuksköterskor anser vara svåra samtal och ingen studie har funnits som beskriver vad de anser vara det svåraste i dessa samtal. En kvalitativ metod valdes och innehållsanalys användes som metodanalys.

In nature settings people often experience positive emotions. Litterature and theories about the positive effect of nature on humans are largely based upon visual impressions and aesthetic preference. The purpose of the present study is to examine how visually impaired individuals that lack visual impressions experience nature. The background is about what it means to be visually impaired and what it is like to be visually impaired in a nature setting, followed by a presentation of the five human senses and about stimulation of senses in healing gardens. That is followed by theories about the health promoting effect of nature, about why nature and therapeutic gardens make people feel good. After that theories about experiences and relations with settings are presented.

Previous research on philosophy for children in schools has almost exclusively focused on how it is perceived by students. The aim of this study is to focus on how it is perceived by five teachers and other adults involved in implementing philosophy for children in schools, in total four teachers participated and one adult who worked with implementing took part in the study. The theoretical background is composed of Olga Dysthes view that knowledge is not only constructed but that the object that one intends to gain knowledge of has to be interacted with and how she applies this view dialogues in the classroom. The study was conducted by interviewing the participants. The results found that the teachers saw philosophy for children as something more than a tool to work with questions that were important to students, they were also viewed as a way to work with language and building solidarity within the class.

Our understanding is that responsibility is shifting from the community towards the individual within the field of social work. This resulted in our essay, which aims to study how the representatives within social service assistance and churches in Helsingborg work with personal power. Our aim is also to illustrate how these representatives view the boundaries of responsibility between the individual and the community. Our questions are: How do the representatives work with personal power from a micro and macro perspective? How do the representatives look upon their position as representatives? What do the representatives consider as responsibility of the individual respective the community? And; Are there preventing factors from individual responsibility? We obtained our empirical material from a qualitative method consisting of interviews.

The purpose of this essay is to examine if there is any difference in the style of Conversation between a municipal politician and a politician in parliament? In order to answer this question I have created two sub-questions that are more precise. The first question is: Are the municipal politicians more open to cooperate with politicians from other parties than the politicians from parliament? And the second question is: Is the rhetoric between the politicians in parliament different than the rhetoric between the municipal politicians?My study is a comparative case study with two different groups of politicians. With the help of a survey I have tried to examine if there are differences in the use of language in the daily work for the politicians.

This study conducts a qualitative examination based on five interviews with children?s librarians. The aim is to bring up and analyse the attitudes of the librarians towards reading promotion activities for children outside of school and investigate their experiences of participation in a summer reading challenge project.The first theory used to analyse is Jofrid Karner Smidt?s thesis of five different roles that a librarian can have on literary preferences. The second is her theory of how librarians view their promotion of literature.My interviews shows that the librarians in the study have a common opinion and enthusiasm regarding children's pleasure reading.

The aim of this Master?s thesis is to examine if the realistic youth novels of today can provide support and inspiration for its readers with the purpose of dealing with own difficulties. I have examined four Swedish novels from 2006 and studied in what way and from whom the young fictive women get advice and support. In the background section of the essay I have made studies of how it is to be a young woman in modern society. It also covers a historical perspective of the modern youth novel and presents studies based upon reading and reader-response theory of young people.

After recognizing a lack of children?s voices in the debate about the children?s book Kivi och monsterhund and the gender-neutral pronoun hen that occurred in the beginning of the year of 2012, I decided to interview pre-school children about the same book. My purpose with the study was, using semi-structured group interviews, to examine how 6-year olds talked about the main character Kivi. With the help of Judith Butler?s theory of performativity, I have studied how the children constructed Kivi?s gender in their speech.

In today?s society we depend on technology to perform the simplest tasks. Whether we are engaging in Conversation with a friend or are navigating in traffic, we are likely to be found with some technological device in our hands. This dependence has grown over a period of time, and many of us have failed to reflect on the impact technology has had on our lives. The emergence of so-called One-to-One projects, where teachers and students gain access to a personal laptop, does however provide an excellent opportunity to do so.

Denna uppsats avser att undersöka och analysera fem verksamma behöriga bildlärares syn på bildsamtalets betydelse och användande i bildundervisningen. Detta eftersom bildsamtal är en viktig del i bildundervisningen enligt den gällande kursplanen i bildämnet (2000) och den kommande kursplanen i bildämnet (Lgr 11). I kursplanens mål står det utskrivet att reflektion och samtal ska ingå i undervisningen, trots det är mina egna erfarenheter att dessa delar ej förekommer så ofta i undervisningen.     För att undersöka fem lärares syn på bildsamtalets betydelse och användning av bildsamtal i bildundervisningen, har kvalitativa intervjuer genomförts i grundskolan med fem verksamma lärare i år 6-9. Min förhoppning var att dessa intervjuer skulle frambringa en bild av verksamma lärares uppfattningar om bildsamtal och hur de gestaltas i undervisningssammanhang.     Litteraturstudier har genomförts för att ge tyngd åt arbetet samt förståelse för vad samtal kan innebära för elevers utveckling.     I resultatdelen i uppsatsen redovisas de fem lärarnas uppfattningar om bildsamtalet i undervisningen.     Utifrån denna studie kan jag inte dra några generella slutsatser om hur bildlärare i allmänhet upplever att de arbetar med bildsamtal i sin undervisning. Utan studien redovisar dessa fem lärares tankar om bildsamtalet i deras undervisning..