For the company to work well, it is necessary with a good economy, a high qualitative production and a well working system concerning the environment: the whole cycle on the farm needs to be working. At the same time, debaters about the environmental impacts are also requiring higher demands for the dairy farmers and therefore also the management programs. Management programs for feed evaluation calculations have been more developed over the years. Big amounts have been invested in the new feeding system with NorFor, but no one seems to have asked the dairy farmers what they themselves want to spend their money on, and what they need help with. For the dairy farmers it is necessary that the whole company is controlled in the right way, and much more than just feed evaluation is included in this.

The background of this work is the media discussion about the effect of cultivation on peatsoils on greenhouse gas emissions. It has been argued that row sown and intensivelycultivated crops such as carrots are more likely to emit carbon dioxide than for example grassleys. The association KRAV (an association promoting organic farming) shall, from this yearadapt their environmental policy to be more climate smart and have asked the question if thecultivation of some crops is more climate smart than others? Carbon dioxide emissions fromsoil are due to degradation of organic material and the rate is controlled by microbial activity.The microbial activity is determined by a variety of factors such as temperature, soil organicmatter quality and water content. I have measured the carbon dioxide emission from fourdifferent crops at two different farms.

I Sverige kan individer antingen bedömas begränsat eller obegränsat skattskyl- diga. Anses individen bosatt, stadigvarande vistas eller väsentligt anknuten fö- religger obegränsad skattskyldighet och svensk beskattningsrätt för samtliga in- komster. IL räknar upp olika grunder på vilka individen kan bedömas väsent- ligt anknuten på. Antalet rättsfall på området påvisar dock stora tolkningspro- blem. Studier visar emellertid att tre faktorer i synnerhet har tillmätts större uppmärksamhet och betydelse än övriga och uppsatsen avser att undersöka om de tre bedöms tillräckligt starka att ensamma medföra väsentlig anknytning.

Syftet med studien är att öka kunskap om socialsekreterarnas motiveringar bakom gällande beslut om barns återförening med sina föräldrar, som tidigare bedömts ha en bristande föräldraförmåga.Min frågeställning består av tre frågor: Vilka faktorer kan påverka ett beslut om ett återkallande av placering av barn enligt SoL eller LVU 2 §? Hur förhåller sig socialsekreterarna till möjligheten om utveckling av föräldraförmågan efter placering? Hur stor andel av föräldrar, vars barn blivit placerade enligt SOL eller LVU 2§, har fått omhändertagandet återkallat?Frågorna besvaras med den kvalitativa forskningsintervjun. Halvstrukturerade intervjuer och dokument valdes som huvudsakliga datainsamlingstekniker. Sju socialsekreterare, var av en enhetschef deltog i undersökningen. Två av informanterna intervjuades tillsammans.För analys av empirin har studien använt sig av: anknytnings teori, lagar och riktlinjer, tidigare forskning om placerade barn och deras föräldrar.Resultatet visade en tvetydighet gällande socialsekreterarnas tillämpning av lagar; ett övervägande fokus på vårdnadsöverflyttningar och bristfälliga insatserna kring återförening.

This bachelor essay is divided into two parts, the first being a construction of a single-familyhouse and the second an in-depth study of five different isolation materials, analysed from anenergy perspective.The first part, the construction of the single-family house, has been created from knowledgeacquired during three years of studying at KTH Royal institute of Technology in Stockholm, inthe program Architecture and the Built Environment. The constructed house is a one-floorhouse of 137m2with façade plaster, situated in Borlänge, Sweden. The house has a wooden framewhich is built on a on sight cast concrete foundation, on the ground. The house?s roof is a gableroof, which has an angle of 24 degrees.

Background: Urinary tract infections caused by indwelling urinary catheters causes unneccesay suffering among those it affects. These infections are also financially straining on the health care services. It is therefore of importance to gain knowledge about which evidence based preventive interventions that have the possibility to reduce the risk for bacteriuria and urinary tract infections among patients with indwelling urinary catheters. Aim: This study aimed to compile available knowledge concerning i) if silver alloy catheters does reduce bacteriuria in this patient group, ii) if aseptic catheterization does reduce bacteriuria in this patientgroup, iii) which routines for changing the urinary drainage bag reduces the risk of bacteriuria, iv) which routine genital hygenic care reduces the risk of bacteriuria? Method: Litterature was searched for in the data bases Cinahl, Medline and The Cochrane Library using the data bases? thesaurius combined with OR/AND.

Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att undersöka förutsättningarna för mjölkproduktion från renar (Rangifer tarandus) som en del av den moderna renskötseln. Frågeställningar som inkluderades i litteraturstudien var renmjölkens sammansättning, hur mycket en vaja kunde producera, hur mjölkproduktionen påverkades av faktorer som mjölkningssystem, mjölkningsmiljö och oxytocininjektioner, mjölkproduktionens koppling till nutrition, kalvens betydelse, problem som kan tänkas uppstå och om renen som ett framtida mjölkproduktionsdjur skulle vara ekonomiskt hållbart. Mjölkning av renar har tidigare förekommit ganska allmänt inom samisk renskötsel men det upphörde under 1900-talet på grund av bland annat att sjukdomar spreds när renarna hölls på mindre ytor. Faktorer som är centrala inom mjölkproduktionen hos renar är den totala mjölkavkastningen under laktationen och mjölknedsläppsgraden. Mjölkavkastningen hos vajor varierar mellan individer och påverkas bland annat av separation från kalven, injektioner av oxytocin och mjölkningsmiljön.

In this thesis, the flows of reactive nitrogen (Nr) in Scania were investigated and quantified. The thesis was also intended to form a basis for comparison between the urban nitrogen flow and other flows of nitrogen within Scania. The management of nitrogen in society has disturbed the natural nitrogen cycle. This is linked to a series of environmental problems such as eutrophication, acidification, global warming and smog. The method used was Substance Flow Analysis (SFA) for Nr. For calculation and flow charts Scania was divided into three subsystems; air, water and society.

Hållbar utveckling handlar om att ha en balans mellan ekonomisk, ekologisk och social hållbarhet. Kommuner ses som nyckelaktörer i arbetet för en mer hållbar utveckling och har på senaste tiden fått en allt större roll. Karlstad kommun har tre hållbarhetsstrategier, däribland miljö- och klimatstrategin som skall se till att kommunen skall kunna växa på ett socialt, ekonomiskt och miljömässigt hållbart sätt. I miljö- och klimatstrategin finns interna miljömål som är till för kommunens medarbetare. Studien söker att ta reda på medarbetarnas kunskap och förståelse för de interna miljömålen och hur de skall kunna bidra till att uppfylla dessa.

Abstract Children with neuropsychiatric disorders often require special arrangements from the society. These measures could target the child itself, its parents, or other parts of the social network surrounding the child. Parents of children with neuropsychiatric disorders are often deeply engaged both in their child and in these measures.Three parents of children with neuropsychiatric disorders, and four counselors in different habilitation centers, were interviewed. The purpose of this qualitative interview study was to describe the methods with which the counselors worked to support parents of children with neuropsychiatric disorders, and to understand how the parents experienced this support offered by the counselors.The qualitative interviews with counselors and parents followed a thematic interview guide. A structured interview form was used.

Shock absorber units play a key role in establishing the driving dynamics and performance of automobiles. Öhlins Racing has manufactured high-tech automotive shock absorbers for over 30 years. Öhlins Racing?s advanced technology has contributed to over 200 world championships in automobile racing. Öhlin?s manufacturing process has long utilized automated fluid filling equipment during the final shock absorber unit assembly stage. The filling process consists of vacuum pumping the shock absorber unit and subsequent transfer of fluid. Vacuum pumping is necessary to remove residual air from the shock absorber unit prior to initiating the liquid filling stage. The presence of undesirable gases drastically compromises the performance of a shock absorber. The filling degree, defined as the final ratio of air to oil, is determined by the specific filling protocol as well as the specific equipment utilized.The current investigation aims to develop a viable technique to accurately determine residual air content in shock absorber units. If the filling degree can be appropriately quantified for a specific manufacturing process, then the air/oil ratio may be quantitatively related to shock absorber performance. The utilized measurement method must be completely integrated into the manufacturing process to guarantee shock absorber performance specifications according to the manufacturer?s standards. By utilizing the measurement method developed in this work, the manufacturing process, manufacturing equipment and product specifications can all be tailored to provide improved filling conditions.The developed measurement method provides accurate quantification of the filling degree under a wide range of processing conditions. The method establishes the relative quantity of air in the shock absorber unit by performing in-situ compressibility tests. The fill ratio can be controlled and varied by manipulating the vacuum pressure exerted during the filling process. Performance tests, however, indicate no correlation between filling degree and unit performance..

Background: Sweden is a country where vitamin D deficiency seems to be common, partly because of its geographical position, which reduces the availability of UVB radiation, but also that people avoid sunlight due to increased skin cancer risk. Research shows that vitamin D plays an important role in the prevention of many diseases such as cancer as well as autoimmune and neuropsychiatric diseases.Vitamin D is a fat soluble pre-hormone and a collective name for closely related compounds which act as hormones after undergoing a transformation in the body.Humans can utilize vitamin D through diet and produce it in the body by exposing the skin to the sun. Previous observational studies and epidemiological studies have established a hypothesis that there seems to be an association between vitamin D supplementation and reduction of depressive symptoms.Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate if vitamin D supplements may decrease depressive symptoms.Methods: This work is organized as a literature review and article search is made in the database PubMed in January 2012. Keywords used were ?vitamin D and depression? and inclusion criteria were: randomized clinical trials, be conducted on humans, written in English.

Av de barn som föds i Sverige behöver cirka 10 % vård eller övervakning på en neonatalavdelning. Detta kan leda till försening i kontakten med modern och ett ömsesidigt samspel kan störas.Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva hur kvinnor upplever det att separeras från sitt barn efter förlossningen då barnet behöver vård på en neonatalavdelning. Sex stycken kvinnor har intervjuats. En kvalitativ metod har valts, inspirerad av fenomenologisk livsvärldsansats och analyserad med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys.Resultatet presenteras i fem kategorier som beskriver upplevelsen av att separeras från sitt barn efter förlossningen. Dessa kategorier är: Att inte vara medveten, Att sakna kraft, Rädsla och oro för barnets hälsa, Att lämna över sitt barn i någon annans händer samt Att inte få vara nära sitt barn.Då barnet behövde vård på en neonatalavdelning uttryckte kvinnorna i studien ett lidande som präglades av rädsla över barnets hälsa.

The study is based on a new approach on how Swedish healthcare is supposed to be controlled and organized. There is a renowned administration problem within Swedish healthcare, which seems to be an obstacle to exploit the resources to the fullest. The latest venture within the healthcare system is patient involvement, where the patients become co-producers of their own care, which aims to both improve and make healthcare more efficient. A few wards in Sweden have implemented this new approach whereupon the study intends to discuss the effectiveness and efficiency in some of these.The study is restricted to three wards, whereof two of these are inpatient wards and the other one is an outpatient ward, within the medical clinic in Jönköping County Council, which has implemented the patient involvement approach in their daily work. The methodology for this study is qualitative in its nature where a time study of personnel time allocation and supplementary interviews with managing nurses on the wards have been conducted.

A large number of rivers in northern Sweden have hydropower developments that cause negative effects on both up- and downstream migrations of anadromous species like Atlantic salmon. So far, most attention has focused on the hindrances of adult fish during their upstream spawning migration. However, since turbines in power stations cause losses on downstream passing fish, the focus on negative effects on smolts has increased. The aim of this study was to compare three different causes of losses of salmon smolts passing downstream through a power station area in the flow-controlled River Åbyälven in northern Sweden.A total of 61 wild salmon smolts were caught and radio-tagged in the River Åbyälven during their downstream migration in June 2009. The salmon smolts were released at three locations, 1.1 km upstream from the power station, in the turbine intake and in the upper part of a fishway, acting both for up- and downstream fish passage.