Risk-based sampling program of microorganisms in the water source in northern SwedenAfter several disease outbreaks caused by parasites in the drinking water during the last years, it is more essential than ever to insure that the water supply companies have enough barriers to counteract the presence of microorganisms in the outgoing water. It is also discussed whether climate changes such as increased precipitation can have a connection to the increased cases of parasites in water sources. The water source at Gäddvik is Luleå municipality?s largest and provides drinking water to 64 500 of Luleå?s 74 000 inhabitants. The investigation of microorganisms in the water source, especially in the Lule River has not been as prioritized as the sampling of chemical parameters.

One of the most serious and economically important defects caused by clostridia in milk products is the late blowing of semi-hard cheeses.Clostridia occur naturally in soil and can contaminate milk through crops contaminated by dung and soil followed by a less successful silage process, that give them opportunity to grow unaerobically. When anaerobic conditions occur, such as storage of semi-hard cheese, they ferment lactic acid to butyric acid and the gases CO2 and H2.At the fusion of Arla and MD Foods, a series of changes were conducted on the MPN method for lactic acid fermentation for clostridia in milk. These changes resulted in an increased accuracy due to an increased number of test tubes and the change of media from MRCM to BBB, Bryant & Burkey Broth, that was thought to be more selective for Cl. tyrobutyricum, the organism mostly found in hard cheese. When the number of dairy farmers that were given quality reduction fines increased, the new method was suspected and a validation was conducted.The validation included inoculation of different clostridia and bacillus strains into BBB substrate and enzymatic testing of positive samples with Rapid ID 32A.

Bakgrund: Isoleringsv?rd kan vara n?dv?ndigt av olika sk?l. Patienter med smittsamma sjukdomar beh?ver isoleras f?r att undvika smittspridning och infektionsk?nsliga patienter beh?ver skyddas fr?n smitta. F?r att skydda allm?nheten s? finns smittskyddslagen, sjukdomar skiljs mellan allm?nfarliga och samh?llsfarliga och kr?ver olika restriktioner och ?tg?rder.

Bakgrund: Diagnosen hjärtsvikt innebär en stor förändring i patienternas liv. De som diagnostiseras upplever förändringar på flera områden i livet; det kroppsliga, sociala, livssituationen och att nu vara beroende av vård, mediciner och behandling. Sjuksköterskan bör ha en förståelse för dessa patienters livssituation för att kunna ge en bättre och mer individuell vård. Syfte: Syftet är att beskriva patienters upplevelser av att leva med hjärtsvikt. Metod: Den valda metoden är en systematisk litteraturstudie där kvalitativa studier analyseras.

There are a great possibility to shorten the time between mowing and preservation by spreading of ley crops in connection to the conditioning. In this case the cellular respiration (the plants breeding that consume sugar until the crop is ensiled) should not continue as long and the forage will perhaps get a higher nutritional value. The capacity of the next machine could also be higher because the rake gives swaths with a lot of material. There is also a possibility that spreading of ley crops gives the material a more homogeneous content of dry matter and that gives a reduced growth of clostridium. This is particularly important when the method of harvest doesn?t include any mixing of the material like it does with a round baler or silagewagon.