As a result of directives from EU, with the ambition to reach environmetal goals, The German organisation Passivhaus Institut has defined a passive house. A passive house is a building that is very energy efficient and makes a small impact on the environment. The energy from the inhabitants as well as the appliances & fixtures in the building should equal the energy that is required to heat the building. A Swedish version of the passive house definition has been defined, taking into account the climate conditions and the difference in building regulations.This thesis is a request from Skanska on how it can improve and develop an ongoing passive house project, involving an infant school. The intention of this thesis is to identify difficulties & display potential development areas for infant schools.The method of research conducted is as follows: interviews of clients, ventilation consultant, consultant for heating system and an energy calculation consultant, an inspection of the infant shcool in process, investigation of completed infant schools and a study of relevant literature.From this research it was found that it is difficult for infant schools to pass the criteria for passive houses. The conclusion of this thesis provide several guidelines on how to improve the outcome of existing projects & the steps needed to be taken for future development in this area..

The goal with this essay is to determine if the image of preschool, in a specified number of picture books, is consistent with the posted goals of the preschool operations in the curriculum of preschool published in 1998 (hereafter Lpfö 98). Besides that the essay is also planned to look at how the preschool?s status have changed after Lpfö 98 was established and if this is shown in the picture books. Therefore this essay will focus on picture books published 1998-2009 because after that a new version of Lpfö 98 was published. Also the picture books chosen for this study are all stories about preschool or kindergarten.The questions that this essay will answer are: How are the activities in preschool described, and how do they match the guidelines in Lpfö 98? In what way has the status of preschool been affected since Lpfö 98 was published? In what way has the teachers? role been affected and how is that shown?In order to answer these questions I will use a quality text analysis of picture books for children.

Several studies show that the clinical reality in psychiatric care does not correspond to the demand of consumer participation from a variety of policy documents that has been produced recently. Studies also show that there is a lot to do in improving, patients with sever mental illness, becoming more involved in their own care. The nurse has a central role in this work. The Norwegian nursing theorist Jan-Ka?re Hummelvolls holistic, existentialistic model for psychiatric nursing were used as theoretical ground.The aim of this study was to examine how nurses in psychiatric outpatient units, caring for patients with psychotic disorders, experiences consumer participation.Qualitative phenomenological method was used.

In today?s technological society, there are increasingly less physical demands on the locomotor system. However, despite that notion strength and function in the hand?s complex biomechanical system are in fact both needed to cope with daily life. The grip function is a main function in the hand and is used in many examples of scientific research, for instance when assessing physical health and predicting the probabilities of premature mortality.

In studying the art of Counterinsurgency Warfare we are usually inclined to the reading of several books regarding this matter. Because of this some writers have the power to influence the minds of the reader. This can be of great benefit since it enables information sharing and for the reader a chance to learn from the triumphs, but also mistakes of others. However each writer is the creation of the time and context under which he existed. Because of the wheel of time certain things change, and because of the context a myriad of factors came into play affecting the outcome and product of the doings and thoughts of that specific occurrence.

Aim. The aim of the study is to highlight Dutch nurses? opinions about assisted death. Background. Since 2002 it has been legally justified for physicians to assist a patients? death in the Netherlands.

The purpose of this essay is to investigate the term equableness in the Swedish elementary school with a take-off point in the free school reform from 1992. This essay starts with the political background of the terms equableness and freedom of choice and the official governmental guidelines. Research from Bo Malmberg and Gabriel Sahlgren act as a framework for the whole essay as their theories are tested. The main problem is presented as the question: is the debated concern regarding a lowered equableness since 1992 justifiable? Both researchers define equableness as a difference in grades but undertake a collective versus a more individual approach.

Background: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD), as a consequence of atherosclerosis in the arteria of the limbs, affects one of ten Swedes older than 65. PAD can develop slowly and silently, and involves an increased risk for cardiac infarction and stroke. Measurement of the patient´s ankle blood pressure and calculation of the ankle-brachial index is an evidence-based method to discover PAD. Objective: To investigate how district nurses and general practitioners perceive this method of examination and experience possible obstacles to why it is not more commonly applied at primary health care centres. Method: Data collected by semi-structured interviews have been processed by qualitative content analysis with a manifest onset.

This report describes an interview study of Swedish elementary school teacher?s view on stu-dent influence. The objective is to find out about teachers' approach to student influence, what do they think happens with students that are allowed to influence and what are the negotiables and non-negotiables when it comes to student influence in elementary education? And do the teachers really want their students to have influence?According to the official policy documents for the Swedish school system the Swedish school shall work towards a democratic school. Not only should the students be educated about de-mocracy but they should also learn to use democratic values and processes.

Rabbits today are used for different reasons. They are often held as pet rabbits but they also can be found at zoos, in laboratories and as a producing animal where their meat, fur or wool are used. All rabbits in Sweden are protected by the Swedish animal welfare legislation. For rabbits held as pets, in laboratories or at zoos there are more detailed rules or regulations that defines for example how much space the rabbit must have or how the cage should be enriched. For rabbits in the production there is no detailed legislation, which is a problem because their welfare could be hard to secure when the producers do not have any guidelines to follow. Rabbits are social animals and therefore they should have the company from either one other rabbit, or from the owner.

Bakgrund: Snabb kunskapsutveckling, ökade krav på kvalité och kostnadseffektivitet inom hälso- och sjukvården gör det viktigt att sjuksköterskor har god förmåga att söka och använda evidensbaserad kunskap. Idag finns ett glapp mellan forskning och klinik. Sjuksköterskor upplever flera hinder till att arbeta evidensbaserat. Under hösten 2010 och våren 2011 pågick ett projekt på ett sjukhus i en stad i mellansverige. Projektet hette ?Klinisk bibliotekarie?, syftet var att höja vårdkvalitén och patientsäkerheten genom att det dagliga vårdarbetet ska bli mer evidensbaserat och att sjuksköterskorna ska känna större säkerhet i att ta fram vetenskapligt underlag för sitt arbete.Syfte: Belysa sjuksköterskornas erfarenhet av projektet ?Klinisk bibliotekarie?.Metod: Studien har en kvalitativ design.

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to investigate the clinical application to use ASSR in anesthetized childrenDesignOne main ambition of the investigation was to compare hearing threshold using ABR with estimated hearing threshold using ASSR. Another aim was to examine if the duration of an ASSR measurement could be reduced by only using the frequencies 1, 2 and 4 kHz and exclude the frequency 0.5 kHz. This is a retrospective study using electrophysiological measurement from a database.ResultResults showed a high correlation between hearing threshold using ABR and estimated thresholds using ASSR, with the frequency 0.5 kHz showing a slightly lower correlation. Result also showed that the test duration was increased when using all test frequencies in ASSR-measurement compared to when 0.5kHz was excluded. ConclusionThe study showed a high correlation when comparing hearing threshold using ABR and ASSR.

Background: Prostate cancer is the fourth most common cancer disease in the world and affects mainly older men. While having prostate cancer the treatment can be both medical and surgical and both these treatments can give side effects like erectile dysfunction, lost libido and hot flushes. Sexuality among elderly is often associated with taboo, but sexuality exists among elderly and is important for their wellbeing and quality of life. It is common that nurses don?t address and discuss questions concerning sexuality with patients, even though they know that sexuality often is affected while having a disease or experiencing illness.

Handledning av sjuksköterskestudenter är ett komplext arbete som kräver tid och. Handledare upplever brist på stöttning från kollegor och avdelningschef. Det är önskvärt om kollegor är villiga att ta över en del av patientomvårdnande så att handledare får mer tid för handledning av studenter under verksamhetsförlagd utbildning [Vfu]. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att belysa studenthandledning under Vfu där studenters och handledares uppfattningar belyses. Litteraturstudien består av 20 artiklar vilka analyserats utifrån studiens syfte och delats in i två teman utifrån handledares och studenters uppfattningar.

Scintigraphic examination of the esophagus has for some time been the method of choice for the study of motility dysfunction in humans. The method has not yet been described for horses hence the lack of reference values for passage time for a bolus through the esophagus in healthy subjects. The purposes of this study were to measure passage velocity and time for a bolus to pass through the esophagus in healthy subjects, as well as to evaluate the reproducibility of the method. Eight warm-blooded trotters were used in the study. The horses were sedated with a low dose of Acepromazine prior to onset of the study.