The purpose of this study is to examine who were given the opportunity to express their opinions in the government proposition concerning the future of the school system ? particularly regarding the proposal that pupils do compulsory military service - submitted to the Swedish parliament 21 March 1941. Our focus is mainly on three parts of the proposition: the proposal to introduce shooting- and grenade practice for all pupils, the proposal to introduce an obligatory military leadership training course for teachers and the proposal to introduce an obligatory summer camp for all pupils.Using primarily a qualitative method we examine how different opinions and views are expressed in the statements and utterances responding to the pending proposition and who the responders are. We will attempt to clarify who were considered to be undisputed authorities and experts, and whose opinions, for that reason, carried a lot of weight in the decision making process, comparing them to the statements and utterances submitted on a voluntary basis by non-experts. And finally, to what extent the opinions in the statements and utterances were allowed to guide the propositional work.Results show that the statements and utterances were submitted by authorities, chapter, county administrative boards and religious, non-profit and political organizations as well as different types of schools, representatives from the Board of Education and elementary school boards not a part of county councils or other types of associations.

Bakgrund: Hälsoekonomi har sitt ursprung i att sjukvårdens resurser är begränsade ochsjukvårdsutgifterna ökar kontinuerligt. För att möta de ökade kostnaderna har sjukvårdenbörjat använda sig av hälsoekonomiska utvärderingar för arbeta mer kostnadseffektivt. Enstor kostnadspost för hälso- och sjukvården är rökares ökade komplikationsrisker i sambandmed operation. Att införa rökuppehåll inför operation minskar dessa risker och denna metodhar bedömts vara ett av de mest effektiva sätten att minska sjukvårdens kostnader. Fokus fördenna studie har därmed varit att utveckla en modell som visar de intäkter och kostnader somkan kopplas till rökuppehåll inför operation.Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att anpassa en hälsoekonomisk modell så att den kananvändas för att beräkna de ekonomiska effekterna av ett rökuppehåll inför operation.

Abstrakt Perioperativ omvårdnad innebär att sjuksköterskor möter de patienter som skall genomgå kirurgisk behandling handling före operation, ansvarar för omvårdnaden under operation och avslutar omvårdnadsinsatsen med att möta patienterna efter avslutad operation. Syftet med detta arbete var att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av patientsamtal i perioperativ omvårdnad. Elva vetenskapliga artiklar analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Analysen resulterade i tre kategorier: att kontinuitet i omvårdnad ger professionell utveckling och arbetstillfredsställelse, att utveckla en vårdande relation som ger kunskap om patienten som person samt att vara osynlig i rutiner och teknik. Genom att använda samtal i den perioperativa omvårdnaden upplevde sjuksköterskorna att hon åstadkom kontinuitet, utvecklades professionellt och blev synlig för patienterna.

Perioperativ vårdprocess är ett arbetssätt och forskning inom området visar att den har betydelse för patienters välbefinnande i samband med operation. Anestesisjuksköterskor har en nyckelroll i vårdmöten i samband med operation för att minska patienters vårdlidande. Syftet med studien är att genom en kvalitativ intervjustudie ta reda på hur fyra anestesisjuksköterskor på sjukhus resonerar om den perioperativa vårdprocessen. Data analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet visade att informanterna resonerar om perioperativ vårdprocess utifrån tre kategorier; förutsättning att kunna prioritera användning, organisatoriska faktorer som påverkar möjlighet till användning negativt och yrkesansvar finns vilket har betydelse för korrekt bedömning av omvårdnadsbehov i samband med operation.

The purpose of this essay is to examine the development of the use of private securitycontractors in Iraq. The reason is that there has been a considerable increase of the number ofprivate security firms operating in Iraq during the last couple of years. The legislation in thefield of private military and security is indistinct and my hypothesis is that the lack of nationaland/or international legislation can be connected to the increased globalization. To come toany conclusions about this I have chosen to make a comparative study between the two casesthe Gulf War and the War in Iraq which started in 2003. In this comparison, I ask thefollowing questions: 1) Are there any signs of anarchy in the field of private security duringthe Gulf War respectively the last War in Iraq? 2) In what way has the use of private securitycontractors changed from Case 1 to Case 2 ?According to my research, there were signs of anarchy in the field of private security bothduring the Gulf War and during the latest war in Iraq.

The main focus of this study was to investigate how Swedish military veterans experience that events during an international service affect them after completed mission. This also includes the contact with their relatives. Secondly, this study deals with the course of the crisis, personal defense mechanisms, cumulative stress and post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD).The study was performed using a qualitative method and comprises individual interviews with six Swedish veterans. The responders were all men of different military positions, who participated in one or more international missions during 1993 to 2011.The results of this study show that, according to the veterans, the return back home is the most strenuous part of an international mission. With all the new experiences that an international service brings fresh in their memories, it is hard to re-adjust to the life of a civilian.In connection with the return back home, different degrees of stress reactions were also commonly seen, for example sleep disturbance, restlessness and exhaustion.

The energy use in a workshop company has been examined in this work in order to find areas for energy efficiency improvement. The combined oil and electricity heating in the company were compared with other alternative heating systems including cooling of the premises in following combinations:Ground source heat pump for heating and coolingDistrict heating and absorption coolingDistrict heating and low temperate surface water coolingEnergy use, operation costs and carbon dioxide emissions were calculated for the current heating systems and the three alternatives including cooling. The ground source heat pump for heating and cooling decreases bought energy with 34 MWh annually compared to current heating only. The district heating and low temperate surface water cooling has the largest reduction of operation cost and carbon dioxide. The operation cost decreases with 42 kSEK and the carbon dioxide with 43 metric ton CO2 annually.

AbstractManagement is a field that started getting attention in the beginning of the 20th century by Frederick Taylor. His publication is called the Principles of Scientific Management and is based on the principles of using scientific methods to find the best way of conducting each operation within a production facility. Many of Taylor?s principles may appear obsolete today but the matter of an effective material flow is still highly current. Efficiency is the relationship between the input into an operation and its result.

AbstractThe rise of globalization has made ??the sustainability aspect emerged as a sign that peoples? actions must change. Tourism is now one of the fastest growing industries in the world that has an impact on people, nature and cultures. The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding how different tourism actors use and express the concept of sustainable tourism development in the co-operation organization Kiruna Lapland. One of the most visited places in the north of Sweden.

AbstractIn my study I have investigated how a constructed outdoor green environment can beused, managed and how it works. The study also investigates the concept of socialsustainability, where, for example, civil dialogue is a method to promote this. Thisinvestigation mainly gives account for the inhabitants viewpoint but also a gardenersperspective. The study focuses on the planning process of the study object, what theoutcome has been and how the users of the green environment, think about the result. Inthe process there has been a strong concern of involving the residents and others usingthe area.

Vårdpersonal och allmänheten uttrycker ofta negativa attityder till patienter som är överviktiga. Antalet patienter som genomgår en operation för sin övervikt ökar för varje år. Det är en omvälvande operation för patienten och patienter söker mycket information innan operationen. Den perioperativa dialogen, en ideal arbetsmodell har tidigare prövats på andra patientgrupper men inte på patienter som skall genomgå en operation för sin övervikt.  Syfte med studien var att beskriva patienters upplevelse av sin övervikt och hur kontinuiteten i den perioperativa dialogen kan ge lindrat lidande i samband med operation för övervikt.Studien har en hermeneutisk design. Data samlades in med hjälp av den perioperativa dialogen som dokumenterats vid sjuksköterskans möte med 26 patienter.

En ständig utveckling av den operativa miljön och krav på ökad produktivitet gjorde det angeläget att studera patienters upplevelser i samband med operationer. Allt fler operationer görs idag i spinalanestesi. Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva patienters upplevelse i samband med att genomgå en TUR-p operation i spinal anestesi. Studien genomfördes som en intervjustudie med kvalitativ ansats och bygger på åtta deltagare. En tematisk innehållsanalys genomfördes och resulterade i två övergripande teman: Att den långa väntetiden var en besvikelse och att stämning och miljö ingav trygghet och fyra underliggande kategorier: Att ha det jobbigt med prostatabesvär under den långa väntetiden, att få information var avgörande för att känna trygghet, att stämningen var bra gjorde att man kände tillit och förtroende och att den tekniska miljön var som förväntat.

To have a functioning organization where there is a self-development for employees them selves, as well as between managers and employees, where employees are empowered and work for the organization and its goals. Feedback seems to be the main instrument to solve problems and create that organization. At the Military Academy Karlberg and the basic officers training there is a lot of discussions about feedback and how it is supposed to be carried out. This essay discusses the matter of how well we live up to the demands set by leadership classes at the Military Academy, what the platoon leaders do think about how feedback takes its expression. The questions about how feedback is used are to be answered by interviews with five platoon leaders and their thoughts about how feedback is communicated at the Academy.

Background: Municipalities are organizations facing a turbulent environment characterized by social, economical and political changes. It is the responsibility of the topleaders of the municipality (the municipal manager and the chairman of the local government board) to manage the situation and to make sure that the organization continuously develops. Purpose: To explain, from a leadership perspective, how the municipal topleaders'duties have developed during the past 25 years. Results: The municipal topleaders have nowadays got more issues to handle. Cooperation, networks and projects have increased, like international issues.

The subject for this paper is the Class Action against Skandia Association, a civil organization formed in 2003 with the aim of claiming compensation for some 1.2 million life insurance customers. The background to its formation was one of the largest financial scandals in Sweden in recent times, involving a number of questionable affairs within the insurance corporation Skandia and its subsidiaries, most notably the life insurance company Skandia Liv. The interests of both the stake- and stockholders of the company seem, in certain ways, to have been grossly misrepresented. The scandal, as well as the reaction it spawned, pose a number of questions. In this study, we focus on two: a possible, and in many ways apparent crisis in the representation of interests in Swedish society, and the role of civil society in upholding the balance between these interests.We argue that what is often held to be the ?greed? or ?immorality? of individuals in scandals such as Skandia is, to a great extent, a mere reflection of the ?rational? underpinnings of modern-day capitalism.We find that trust has been a key mechanism of control in the relationships between consumers and agents in pension and life insurance markets, and that ?the Swedish model? that distinguished post-WWII Swedish society was a model heavily based on trust towards existing models of bureaucratic governance.