To value the risk and opportunity for our production in Sweden it is necessary to understand the marketing development for beef Cattle production in the world. We have chosen to look at the Brazil beef Cattle production. They are one of the biggest producers, have good opportunity to develop further and have a big affect at the world market. The method of our work is to gather information from experts of beef Cattle production, located in Brazil. We have also gathered information through studies of literature. The factors that will have a big influence at the Brazil beef Cattle production during the upcoming years is more efficient land use, lower age of slaughtering and extended use of feedlot-system. Our conclusion is that the Brazil beef Cattle will have a sharp increase during the next five years. The amount of pasture will not change during that time.

Cattle production systems are changing to bigger intensified systems with larger numbers of animals per farm and more free range systems while at the same time employing fewer people. Aversive handling has been known to affect Cattle production negatively for many years, but lately scientists have started to focus more on what positive effects gentle handling and positive human-Cattle interactions may have on beef and dairy production. Fear can cause high stress in production animals and this can contribute to not only reduced production within beef and dairy Cattle, but also increased risks for accidents and decreased animal welfare. Therefore, by reducing the fear Cattle experience of humans, it could be possible to increase production, decrease accidents and increase the welfare of the animals. Reducing the animals fear and stress can be done by simple means, such as walking and talking calmly around the Cattle, associating humans to positive feelings (such as feed) and stroking the Cattle?s body regions associated with social grooming.

To be able to provide the growing human population with food, the productivity of the animals as well as land use needs to be improved and intensified. Hence, understanding the behavior of animals is crucial both for animal welfare and productivity as well as the management of the Cattle. There are many factors affecting the grazing behavior of Cattle in tropical conditions, such as human-animal interactions, herd management, breed, season and temperature. The purpose of this study was to investigate the grazing behavior of two tropical Cattle breeds, Ankole and Boran Cattle. Kenyan Boran belongs to a zebu type of Cattle and is preferred to many other breeds due to the higher productive and reproductive capacity and adaptability to tropical conditions.

Genomic selection (GS) is used for selection of breeding animals of dairy Cattle. GS is though not as extensively used within the beef industry. One reason for that is the low accuracy (rTI) of the breeding value that is of great importance for the final genetic gain. Causes to the low accuracy are high effective population size, a small reference population and a genetically differentiated population. There is however a market for genomic selection with High Density (HD) tests for beef Cattle.

Chewing behaviour includes both eating and ruminating activity. Chewing behaviour is of great importance for the feed intake as through the action of chewing (i.e. eating and ruminating) animals mechanically process the forages in small particle sizes and prepare the food for digestion. As Cattle grow the chewing behaviour changes along with increasing body weight and chewing efficiency is increased. The aim of this thesis was to review the available scientific literature in order to describe chewing behaviour in growing Cattle, as well as the factors that affect this behaviour.

Neospora caninum is an intracellular parasite that was first recognized in dogs in 1984. The parasite is now one of the most commonly diagnosed infectious causes of abortion in Cattle word wide. N. caninum is transmitted to Cattle in two ways. They may be infected from eating food contaminated with oocysts from a definitive host or they may be infected in utero from an infected mother. The infection is transmitted efficiently from cow to her offspring and this can occur for generations.

Among the Indigenous Cattle breeds in Indonesia, the Bali Cattle is the most preferred by small farmers. The Bali Cattle is a beef breed, and is considered to have several advantageous characteristics and to be well adapted to the country?s harsh environmental tropical conditions with drought and rain. The main aim of this project was to phenotype of Bali Cattle from different locations in order to identify and document diversity within the Bali Cattle breed based on their observable characteristics, to compare Cattle from different areas and production systems to see the effect of management on phenotype. In this study, 107 cows and bulls of the breed Bali Cattle, from Kalimantan, Sumatra, Lombok and Bali were phenotyped.

The objective of this thesis was to get more knowledge before an alternation of generations. In theses I have chose to make two drawings, one for dairy cows and one for Cattle rearing. The drawings are made for a future alternation of generations at my parental home in the province Dalarna. The results are made out of educational visits at different farms and literature investigations. Those dairy farms who I visited had different milking system at each farm and the Cattle farm I visited had beef production. The farms are placed in the middle and south of Sweden. At 1998 the Swedish Board of Agriculture decided to change the stall breadth and stall length and the result of this is that many farmers had to rebuild their Cattle- and dairy buildings or end farming..

Extensive Cattle management was reintroduced in Sweden during the 1950´s and 60´s. Usually this term refers to suckler cows for meat production that is kept outdoors all year around. Suckler cow farms tend to become fewer but bigger over time. Still however most of the farms with beef cows are small. Extensive animal husbandry can lead to animals becoming shy which leads to difficulties when they are handled due to veterinary treatments, marking, transport etc.

Sleep is a vital part of life. Even so a lot of the mechanics regarding sleep is unknown. The dairy Cattle of today live a stressful life, as their high milk yields forces them to eat large amounts of feed and spend a great portion of the day ruminating. Do they have time to get enough sleep? Which factors affecting the need of sleep in dairy Cattle are largely un-known.

The aim of this literature review was to make a comparison between the feeding requirements of Swedish reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) and meat producing Cattle (Bos taurus) within farming. Reindeer are an intermediate feeding type; they have the ability to adapt to short term seasonal changes in food. They avoid eating fibre as much as possible and display highly selective behaviour while foraging. Adaptation to harsh environments with a limited amount of food has made reindeer dependent upon easily digestible food and consequently their digestive systems are less capable of processing plants with high fibre content. Herding is an extensive system which requires a significant amount of land and labour and describes the reindeer industry.

After I heard that two deadly accidents in farming 2003 were created by work with Cattle, I got the idea of writing this degree project. So far there are not too many reports written about safety for the worker nor the animal. Therefore it will fit in with a report about safe handling of free stalled Cattle. The Swedish Board of Agriculture would also like to do an information material about outside stalled Cattle with this degree project as a background. The collecting of material was made by visiting farmers. The goal was to visit 15 ? 20 herds and when this is being written 19 herds have been visited.

With increased milkproduction in our dairy Cattle, comes a risk for a reduced fertility. Studies performed on animals and humans have shown that it is possible to manipulate the oestrous cycle through exposure to pheromones. This means that pheromones could potentionally be used to make reproduction more efficient. To evaluate the bioactivity of the substances in question, there is need for a bioassay. In insects, pheromones can induce a changed cardiac activity.

ABSTRACTThe principal aim of the study was to compare the feeding behaviour of Cattle, sheep and goats on pasture and explain any differences between speices. Furthermore, I compared foraging behaviour between dry season and the beginning of the rainy season, in order to see any relationships between weather and behaviour.The study was carried out in Shompole in southern Kenya. Behavioural data were collected by observing herds of Cattle, sheep and goats on pasture. The livestock were herded on pasture during the days and kept in bomas, where people live, during the nights. The weather in Shompole is characterized by high ambient temperature and low, bimodal rainfall.

The present climate discussion has made energy efficiency an interesting topic. Saving energy does not only help the climate but also saves money for the energy consumer. The purpose of this thesis was to examine the potential of heat recovering from milk cooling. Two milk farms, one with voluntary milking system, VMS, and the other with conventional milking system was used to measure interesting temperatures and electricity consumptions. The numbers were used both to do theoretical calculations and to construct a SIMULINK model. To calculate the potential for heat at milk farms theoretical calculations were made in MATLAB using a reference farm with different combinations of heat recovery and pre cooling. The farm was assumed to keep a dwelling house with the annual heat consumption 18165 kWh.