Syftet med studien var att utvärdera patientens upplevelse av den postoperativa smärtan och behandlingen av denna när den perifera nervblockadens effekt avtagit efter operation av distal radiusfraktur. Metoden som använts är en empirisk kvantitativ deskriptiv enkätstudie. Tjugo patienter deltog i denna pilotstudie. Demografin stämde väl överens med de statistiska data, som visar att distrala radiusfrakturer är vanligt förekommande hos kvinnor i åldern 55 år och äldre. Resultatet av studien har påvisat att många patienter har upplevt mer smärta än vad de själva varit beredda på.

While almost 23 percent of the students in the Swedish upper secondary school are foreigners, only a fraction of the school libraries? collections consists of literature written in other languages than Swedish or English. This study examines how five school librarians experience the task of working with literature composed in foreign languages in the multicultural and multilingual school of today. The results of the qualitative interviews are analyzed in relation to the legislation and policy documents that the school libraries are working by, and also in relation to the theoretical framework of sociocultural theory and the theories on second language acquisition developed by linguist Jim Cummins.The study shows that while multilingualism is discussed as an important matter in the legislation and policy documents that the school libraries work by, the librarians in this study largely view the question of foreign literature as peripheral. Most part of the librarians connects first language reading to leisure-time activities rather than curricular activities, and stresses that the Swedish language should be prioritized in Swedish schools.

Since several lifestyle diseases are associated with obesity much research is carried out within the area. Researchers have found that oxidation of fatty acids within the body?s cells may give rise to peripheral signals which regulate food intake, but it is still unclear where such a mechanism takes place. Although much evidence suggests that it is the hepatocytes in the liver that send signals regulating food intake, some researchers have begun to question this theory. Instead they argue that the mechanism takes place within the enterocytes since they are well localised in the gut for such assignment.

Background: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD), as a consequence of atherosclerosis in the arteria of the limbs, affects one of ten Swedes older than 65. PAD can develop slowly and silently, and involves an increased risk for cardiac infarction and stroke. Measurement of the patient´s ankle blood pressure and calculation of the ankle-brachial index is an evidence-based method to discover PAD. Objective: To investigate how district nurses and general practitioners perceive this method of examination and experience possible obstacles to why it is not more commonly applied at primary health care centres. Method: Data collected by semi-structured interviews have been processed by qualitative content analysis with a manifest onset.

The purpose of the study was to describe the nurse´s role and experiences aroundpreparation of children in front of peripheral venous catheter (PVC) placement andblood draw. The study used a descriptive design with qualitative approach and wasperformed on a pediatric clinic in Sweden. Semi-structured interviews were performedwith seven nurses of whom the first was a pilot interview, which was included in theresult. The recruitment of nurses was made by a purposeful sampling, maximumvariation sampling, with help of the quality coordinator of the pediatric clinic. Thecollected data was analyzed with the manifest qualitative content method.

Perifer vaskulär insufficiens innebär arteriell och/eller venös cirkulationssvikt i nedre extremiteter, vilket kan förorsaka bensår. Vaskulär insufficiens i benen är ett ökande hälsoproblem som ofta är ett mycket smärtsamt tillstånd och kan ha stora konsekvenser för den drabbade i dennes dagliga liv. Litteraturöversikt valdes som metod för att besvara syftet; att beskriva forskning om patienters upplevelser av hur perifer vaskulär insufficiens i de nedre extremiteterna påverkar det dagliga livet. Detta utifrån Carnevalis omvårdnadsteori om dagligt liv funktionellt hälsotillstånd. Stora inskränkningar i dagligt liv på grund av sjukdomen identifierades i litteraturen.

Background: Nerve mobilisation is a controversial subject which has undergone great development in recent decades. Nerve mobilisation is based on a concept of both examination and treatment of the nervous system. Purpose: To study nerve mobilisation as a treatment in physical therapy with emphasis on evidence regarding the method. Method: A literature review. The search was made through the databases: PubMed/Medline, Academic search, PEDro and CINAHL/webspirs.

While almost 23 percent of the students in the Swedish upper secondary school are foreigners, only a fraction of the school libraries? collections consists of literature written in other languages than Swedish or English. This study examines how five school librarians experience the task of working with literature composed in foreign languages in the multicultural and multilingual school of today. The results of the qualitative interviews are analyzed in relation to the legislation and policy documents that the school libraries are working by, and also in relation to the theoretical framework of sociocultural theory and the theories on second language acquisition developed by linguist Jim Cummins.The study shows that while multilingualism is discussed as an important matter in the legislation and policy documents that the school libraries work by, the librarians in this study largely view the question of foreign literature as peripheral. Most part of the librarians connects first language reading to leisure-time activities rather than curricular activities, and stresses that the Swedish language should be prioritized in Swedish schools.

The analysis of regional development and the formation of regional policy have experienced an increasing importance in Europe and in Sweden during the last decades. There is a widespread assumption that the increasing significance of regions is due to the diminishing role of the nationstate in the era of globalization. This essay suggests that there is a hegemonic discourse, heavily relying on the assumptions of New Regionalism, when addressing regional building. Sometimes described as an ideology, New Regionalism, which is derived from research of successful regions, is based on the assumption that regional competitiveness and autonomy creates economic growth. The Committee on Public Sector Responsibilities (Ansvarskommittén) suggests that Sweden requires new regional structure, due to the increasing expenditures facing the welfare state.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka om sjuksköterskans information till patienter, vid inläggning av perifer venkateter, följde gällande riktlinjer från Handbok för hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal. Författarna samlade in data genom att delta vid 60 inläggningar av perifer venkateter vilka genomfördes av femton olika sjuksköterskor. Insamlingen ägde rum på en dagkirurgiavdelning. Man observerade ett antal områden, resultatet på dessa kunde bli ja eller nej, där ja var det resultat man eftersökte. Antal ja-svar summerades och analyserades med oberoende t-tester för att se eventuella skillnader i yngre/äldre och män/kvinnor, inga skillnader påfanns.

 Syftet med denna uppsats är att belysa fenomenet homestaging i teori och praktik, med huvudinriktning på geografisk betydelse. Begreppet homestaging skapades på 1970-talet i USA och har funnits i Sverige sedan slutet av 1990-talet, men det är först på 2000-talet som det har blivit ett allmänt begrepp. Vi har för avsikt att jämföra homestagingens betydelse i ett litet samhälle, en mellanstor stad och en större stad. Då vi även är nyfikna på om det finns en geografisk skillnad, valde vi även att jämföra två likvärda orter i norra och södra Sverige. Vi har gjort enkätundersökningar på tre mäklarfirmors kontor i Ljusdal, Gävle, Stockholm och Vimmerby, för att ta reda på om de använder sig av homestaging och vad de har för tankar kring fenomenet. Vi valde dessa fastighetsmäklarfirmor då de har kontor på samtliga fyra orter vi valt att titta närmare på, och för att de har en relativt stor marknadsandel.Vi har även intervjuat tre kvinnor som arbetar med homestaging för att ta del av deras arbetssätt, syn på yrket och dess framtid. I uppsatsen belyser vi också homestaging som en upplevelse och hur bostadsspekulanter kan påverkas med hjälp av ?upplevelserummet?. Begreppet avdragsrätt och hur tilläggstjänster behandlas skatterättsligt, granskas även i uppsatsen..

Erythropoiesis is a complex and carefully controlled process which is mainly regulated by erythropoietin. Using flow cytometry cells in a blood sample can be analyzed one by one. ADVIA 2120 using flow cytometry for analysis of red blood cells (RBC) and reticulocytes. Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) is a component of the RBC method. RDW indicates size variation on erythrocytes and is measured as a percentage of the mean cell volume (MCV). By measuring the RDW anemia can be divided into makrocytic, microcytic or normocytic. Reticulocytes refract light more strongly than red blood cells because they contain some cellular debris. The number of reticulocytes in the peripheral blood reflects erythropoiesis in the bone marrow. The purpose of this project was that by approved methods to establish reference ranges for the parameters, RDW and reticulocyte counts.The individuals who participated in the study, n=124, were considered healthy and had varying ethnicity. Reference subjects had not donated blood the last six months and participation in the study was voluntary.The statistic evaluation includes examination of distribution, and reference ranges for both men and women were established using the 2.5:t and 97.5:t percentiles. The calculated reference interval for RDW was between 12.0 ? 14.3% and the calculated reference interval for reticulocytes was between 38.0 ? 112.8 x109 cells/L. The results showed a significant difference between males and females for the parameter reticulocytes was seen. The difference indicates that different reference ranges should be established for men and women (p<0,0001). No significant difference between males and females were seen for RDW (p=0,74) indicating that the same reference ranges can be used for both men and women. .

Neurography is the most objective and reliable measure of the peripheral nerve function, and it is used to diagnose both local and generalized neuropathies. Neurography can measure both motor and sensory nerve functions. The principle for sensory neurgraphy is to stimulate over the nerve and record proximal or distal from the stimulated electrode.At the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Hospital Uppsala, a problem has been identified, in that young adult patients tend to show unexpected abnormal neurography values in relation to the expected, indicated by the reference limits, without clinical correlates. This concerns foremost the sensory amplitudes in median and ulnar nerves. The hypothesis is that the requirement of young adults? amplitudes is too high.

Bakgrund: Ungefär hälften av alla vuxna som vårdas på sjukhus erhåller en perifer venkateter (PVK) för intravenöst behandling. Det finns risk för lindriga eller allvarliga komplikationer. Den vanligaste komplikationen är tromboflebit och den allvarligast är infektion. I Sverige är det sjuksköterskan som ansvarar för insättning, skötsel, borttagande och dokumentation av PVK. Omvårdnaden vid handhavande av PVK är eftersatt och sjuksköterskan bör förvissa sig om att deras kunskaper är uppdaterad och evidensbaserad för att minska risken för komplikationer.

Skin temperature is detected through signals in unmyelinated C-fibers and thin myelinated A?-fibers in the peripheral and central nervous system. Disorders in thin nerve fibres are important and not rare but difficult to diagnose by the most common neurophysiological methods. In this pilot study different methods for quantitative sensory testing, QST, were compared to give some ideas about which method could be the most efficient to use in order to point out injuries of the sensory system in clinical practice. The comparison was made between Békésy (separate warmand cold thresholds) and Marstock test (combined warm and cold thresholds).