The main objective of this study is to divide a number of colorectal cancer cases into subgroups based on their molecular features using cluster analysis. The data used is supplied by a research group at Pathology, the Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, and consists, after some preparation, of 455 observations which is a larger data set than many similar studies. The molecular variables that the clustering is based on are CIMP (CpG Island Methylator Phenotype), MSI (Micro Satellite Instability), BRAF- and KRAS-mutations. These are categorical variables and consequently the clustering method used is PAM (Partitioning Around Medoids) which is particularly useful with data on diverse variable level. The final analysis results in four subgroups that are represented by different combinations of attributes on the aforementioned variables.

Bakgrund: Det psykosociala stödet har stor betydelse för hur patienter med cancer klarar av sin sjukdom. Även om många botas från sin cancer bär de med sig erfarenheterna från sin sjukdomstid under resten av sitt liv. Det övergripande målet med psykosocial omvårdnad är att uppnå en högre livskvalitet för patienten. Författarna anknyter föreliggande studie till Cullberg kristeori. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att studera den psykosociala omvårdnadens betydelse for cancerpatientens livskvalitet.

Bakgrund: När ett barn diagnostiseras med cancer förändras livet för hela familjen. Fokus på det sjuka barnet gör att syskon lätt glöms bort. Därför är det viktigt att sjuksköterskan verkar stödjande för syskon och familjen som helhet och tillgodoser de behov som uppkommer i situationen. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva specifika behov hos syskon till cancersjuka barn. Metod: Studien utformades som en litteraturöversikt där tio artiklar med kvalitativ ansats inkluderades.

Bakgrund: När ett barn diagnostiseras med cancer förändras livet för hela familjen. Fokus på det sjuka barnet gör att syskon lätt glöms bort. Därför är det viktigt att sjuksköterskan verkar stödjande för syskon och familjen som helhet och tillgodoser de behov som uppkommer i situationen. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva specifika behov hos syskon till cancersjuka barn. Metod: Studien utformades som en litteraturöversikt där tio artiklar med kvalitativ ansats inkluderades.

Today evidence exist that environmental chemicals deteriorate male sperm quality and that testicular cancer is increasing. Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical with estrogenic effects used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastic and are found in, for instance, plastic boxes, feeding bottles and food containers. Much of the research on how men's reproductive ability is influenced are performed on rats. This review article complies how male rat reproduction is affected by BPA as a model for humans. Studies have investigated how sperm are affected, hormonal changes during reproduction and how reactive oxygen species (ROS) affects sperm.

Bakgrund: När ett barn diagnostiseras med cancer förändras livet för hela familjen. Fokus på det sjuka barnet gör att syskon lätt glöms bort. Därför är det viktigt att sjuksköterskan verkar stödjande för syskon och familjen som helhet och tillgodoser de behov som uppkommer i situationen. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva specifika behov hos syskon till cancersjuka barn. Metod: Studien utformades som en litteraturöversikt där tio artiklar med kvalitativ ansats inkluderades.

Bakgrund: När ett barn diagnostiseras med cancer förändras livet för hela familjen. Fokus på det sjuka barnet gör att syskon lätt glöms bort. Därför är det viktigt att sjuksköterskan verkar stödjande för syskon och familjen som helhet och tillgodoser de behov som uppkommer i situationen. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva specifika behov hos syskon till cancersjuka barn. Metod: Studien utformades som en litteraturöversikt där tio artiklar med kvalitativ ansats inkluderades.

Att bli kallad till en screening kan uppfattas som ett hot eller en trygghet för kvinnorna. Hur kvinnan uppfattar sin situation kan bero på den kunskap hon har angående screening. Syftet med studien var att beskriva kvinnors uppfattning av screening såsom gynekologisk hälsokontroll och mammografi. Studien har genomförts som en litteraturstudie med hjälp av Granheim och Lundmans metod för kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Det är inte alltid så att screeningen mynnar i ett entydigt negativt svar eller ett svar som tyder på cancer.

The aim with this paper is to investigate how the Social Democratic Party (SAP) deals with the question of economic migrants, or more specifically how the problem is represented by the Social Democratic Party, and how this representation has developed over time. The SAP's theory became recently contested by a competing theory that was caused by the predicted future demographic development in Sweden, combined with the EU's eastern expansion. The first factor contributed to the re-write of the theory, to a theory that saw economic migrants as a solution instead of a problem, in direct contrast to SAP's theory. The second factor was a direct threat to SAP's labour immigration policy. This leads to my second question, how did SAP respond to this pressure?The answers to these questions are achieved by using discourse analysis by applying a problem oriented theory on empirical material, constituting propositions, articles in mass media and parliamentary debates.

In this essay, we attempt to study and analyze the work towards equality between men and women at the university of Örebro, Sweden. By using discourse analysis we have the ambition to test organizational theory with a gender perspective as the explanatory model for the schools successful work. We also have the ambition to develop our theory and ad an organizational theme focusing on actors..

Introduction: Reversal of a temporary loop-ileostomy is the final step after a long treatment for rectalcancer, an event that the patient has been looking forward to for a long time. Studies have shown that patients often have a significant impact on the bowel function after reversal of the stoma.Aim: To describe how the patient experienced the first time at home after reversal of a temporary loop-ileostomy due to rectalcancer. Method: Qualitative semi-structured interviews, with 15-20 patients who have undergone reversal of a temporary loop-ileostomy due to rectal cancer, will be conducted. The interviewes will be analysed using qualitative content analysis according to Graneheim & Lundman (2004). The patients will be recruited from the colorectal unit at Sahlgrenska University hospital/Östra and from the surgical unit at Kungälvs hospital.

Aim: This paper aims to produce a serviced office concept adjusted to Statens fastighetsverk. The concept will make SFV:s properties more attractive for renting. Method: Information has been collected from interviews with 13 different serviced office companies, one serviced office agent and eleven government authorities. Also litterateur, reports and internet have been used in gathering information.I will use following questions:¨      How is the serviced office concept designed?¨      Which customer segment should SFV direct to and what need does the segment have?¨      How shall a marketing plan look like for the concept?¨      How should a concept designed for SFV look like? Result & Conclusions: Serviced office space is a company that letting functional workspace with access to shared facilities e.g. reception, office machines, internet, phone and more.

According to statistics two thirds of Swedish criminals relapse into crimes within three years (Brå, 2007). Researchers suggest a relationship between attitudes toward crime and delinquent behaviour (Andrews & Bonta, 2003), but whether these attitudes are implicit or explicit remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to measure both constructs. Using SC-IAT (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006) and constructs from the Theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1985), criminals (N = 51) in three different prisons in southern Sweden were tested. Analysis yielded mixed results.

Even though battles have been fought in built-up areas for a long time, there have not been any specific theories connected to it. As the world becomes increasingly urbanized, the problem of not having any complete theories with which to analyze military operations in urban terrain becomes bigger. This essay aims to contribute to the field of military theory by investigating if Robert Leonhard?s theory of combined arms can be used in analyzing such operations and to be able to explaining the outcome of them. The main question posed in this essay is; to what extent can Leonhard?s theory explain the outcome of military operations in urban terrain? The method used to answer this question is a comparative method formed as a case study of two military operations in urban terrain, Operation Vigilant Resolve and Operation Phantom Fury, which both took place in Fallujah during the Iraq war 2004. The intention is to test Leonhard?s theory in both cases by assigning the theory several indicators, which are tested in each case. The result shows that the indicators appeared almost equally in both cases, even though one of the operations was said to be a success and the other a failure.

The main objective of this study is to divide a number of colorectal cancer cases into subgroups based on their molecular features using cluster analysis. The data used is supplied by a research group at Pathology, the Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, and consists, after some preparation, of 455 observations which is a larger data set than many similar studies. The molecular variables that the clustering is based on are CIMP (CpG Island Methylator Phenotype), MSI (Micro Satellite Instability), BRAF- and KRAS-mutations. These are categorical variables and consequently the clustering method used is PAM (Partitioning Around Medoids) which is particularly useful with data on diverse variable level. The final analysis results in four subgroups that are represented by different combinations of attributes on the aforementioned variables.