SammanfattningBakgrund: När ett barn drabbas av cancer är det ett hårt slag för hela familjen där de ställs inför en helt ny verklighet. En förälder i kris kan bli oförmögen att visa känslor och stänger därför in den skuld och sorg de känner för att just deras barn och familj drabbats. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva föräldrars livssituation när ett barn drabbats av cancer. Metod: Metoden var en allmän litteraturstudie. Resultatet består av elva vetenskapliga artiklar som är systematiskt granskade och analyserade.

The incidence of many of the most common diseases in dairy cattle has been proven to be highest during the time closest to calving. It is possible that the current breeding strategy with 12 month calving intervals increases the risk for disease in dairy cattle, which is problematic concerning both animal welfare and for economic reasons. The economic incentives behind a calving interval of 12 to 13 months have mainly been based on milk- and feed- costs and no costs due to diseases or fertility disturbances have been included.The aim of this study was to see if a lengthening of the calving interval would result in lower disease frequency. The hypothesis is that cows with a planned calving interval of 15 months have a lower disease incidence than cows with a calving interval of 12 months due to less number of calvings. Therefore the difference in disease frequency should be larger when compared over a long period of time, such as over lifetime, since cows with a longer calving interval experience fewer calvings.The study was performed between August 17th, 1994, and January 24th, 2007.

The purpose of this essay is to describe and analyze experiences of how the daily rounds and a persons role is changing when you go from being a family member to being a family member as well as being a kinship carer.Essential questions at issue was:- Which feelings are associated to the roll as kinship carer?- What are the motivations for the relative/family member to become a kinship carer?- What is the change of the role like before and after the disease.Six persons have been interviewed on the subject and symbolic interactionism and role theory has been our theoretical perspective. The essay has been related to the ideas of Meads on social interaction and to Goffmans theatre theorem.The result of the essay showed that feelings and motivations as regards to the daily rounds and the role of the kinship carer were individual, where similarities and differences occurred. When ones partner, parent or child got a disease/functional disability it generated in some changes regarding their daily rounds and it led to altering of roles. To assume a role was a natural result and often happened when a relative/family member got a disease or an injury..

Each year, 800 people wait for an organ transplant in Sweden. The development of drugs for organ rejection has evolved over the past 60 years, which has increased the survival of patients who have undergone organ transplantation. The most common organ transplanted is the kidney, liver, lung and heart. There are more studies done on quality of life after an organ transplant, but very few studies on quality of life before organ transplantation.The aim of the study was to describe the experiences of quality of life among patients waiting for an organ transplant.A literature overview of eight articles was analyzed in both similarities and differences. The articles were published between 2002 and 2012.The result is presented in four themes, hope of life, living in uncertainty, the body fails and need for support.

Bakgrund: Tyreoideacancer drabbar cirka 400 personer årligen i Sverige varav kvinnor är överrepresenterade. Insjuknandet sker vanligen efter 50 års ålder men förekommer även i yngre åldrar. Syfte: Att få kunskap om omvårdnadsbehov och livskvalitet hos patienter med tyreoideacancer under och efter den medicinska behandlingen mot cancer. Metod: En litteraturstudie där 9 artiklar båda kvalitativa och kvantitativa artiklar har analyserats. Resultat: Resultatet pekar på att det finns omvårdnadsbehov under och efter avslutad cancerbehandling.

Bakgrund: När en anhörig drabbas av cancer och vårdas vid livets slut väljer den anhörige ofta att vårdas hemma. Den närstående tar då på sig ansvaret som vårdare.Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa närståendes upplevelser av att vårda sin anhörig med cancer i hemmet vid livets slut.Metod: Studien baserades på tio vetenskapliga artiklar med en kvalitativ ansats. Artiklarnas innehåll analyserades med hjälp av innehållsanalys.Resultat: Utifrån artiklarna framkom fyra huvudkategorier och två underkategorier som beskriver olika upplevelser av hur det är för den närstående att vårda vid livets slut. Resultatet visade att den närstående väljer att prioritera den anhörige över sig själv vilket leder till ökad fysisk och psykisk påfrestning av den närståendes hälsa. Trots ökad påfrestning väljer den närstående ändå att ta på sig ansvaret som vårdare utifrån kärlek.

Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease, induced by an immune mediated reaction in the small intestine after ingestion of gluten and related prolamines. There is a strong genetic linkage and most important are the genes that encodes for HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8. The European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) has developed new guidelines for investigation of CD in children and adolescents, which include genotyping for HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8. Therefore, the clinical microbiological laboratory in Västmanland wants to introduce a method for analysis of these genes. Microarray is a newly developed method for determination of the alleles HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 that encodes for the ?- and ?-subunits of the HLA-molecules.

Since long, Sweden has had exceptionally low calf mortality compared to most other countries. The tradition has been to keep calves in individual pens. With increasing number of cows per herd there is now a larger interest in more efficient and economical group systems for housing calves. However it has been noticed that bigger herds have more health problems and higher calf mortality than smaller herds. The early signs of disease are harder to detect when the animals are not fed manually.

Otitis externa is a disease regularly encountered in veterinary practice. It is estimated to be the most common disease in the external ear canal of dogs and treatment is often delayed due to unfortunate pet owner ignorance. Owners tend to assume that scratching of the ears and head shaking are natural behaviours in their dog and may be neglecting the problem unknowing of how severe it actually is. A literature study has been carried out to examine the causes of otitis externa in order to present a collection of measures that can be used in the treatment and prevention of the disease. In turn these measures can be advised to the dog owner and used in the home environment to make the best qualifications for healthy ears in the dog. The causes of otitis externa have been divided into predisposing, primary, secondary and perperuating causes.

Drinking water from drilled wells has a high content of iron and other minerals in many places in Sweden. Questions about the association between the quality of drinking water and the health of dairy cows are regulary asked both by advisers and dairy farmers. There are so far not many studies published about the relevance for high iron content in water and dairy cow health and production. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate if there is a connection between the iron content in water and the health of dairy cows. Initially a literature study was made about iron and it´s function in ruminants.

Antalet datortomografiundersökningar har ökat kraftigt i Sverige och världen, vilket ökar stråldosen till patienterna. Ökat antal undersökningar ger större potentiella risker för populationen. Fortsätter datortomografiundersökningarna öka kan det i framtiden leda till ett folkhälsoproblem, på grund av risken för strålningsinducerad cancer. Syftet med denna studie var att granska om det ökade antalet datortomografiundersökningar kan motiveras med tanke på riskerna för strålningsinducerad cancer och avvägning nytta mot risk. Ungefär 20 % av de undersökningar som genomförs i Sverige i dag är oberättigade.

BACKGROUND: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a slow progressive disease affecting the family caregivers by limiting their lifestyle. Subsequently the situation can be experienced as stressful for both the afflicted and the relatives. To easier understand the needs of the caregivers of family members suffering from COPD have, it is important to get an insight into their experience of every-day life, so that medical staff can help, support and promote their health according to their needs. AIM: To illustrate caregivers? experiences of living with a family member suffering from Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

AbstractAim: The aim of this study was to describe which coping strategies women use when they have been diagnosed with breast cancer. In addition, the purpose was to describe how woman?s self-image changes after a mastectomy. Method: A literature review study has been carried out with a descriptive design. The result of the study included 16 articles which were found in the databases: Cinahl, PubMed, PsycInfo and through manual search.

Sweden is getting an aging population and with this comes an increase in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer?s disease (AD). Bilingualism is also on the rise and this may result in an increase of bilingual people suffering from AD. Due to the linguistic deterioration associated with the illness people with AD, bilingual and monolingual, will be an increasing patient group with speech and language pathologists (SLPs). Word retrieval difficulty is an early symptom of the disease and several strategies to compensate for this have been observed (e.g.

Introduction: Every year about 450 women in Sweden are diagnosed with cervical cancer, almost 200 die and thousands undergo surgery because of cell changes in the cervix. A HPV infection can lead to cervical cancer and therefor costs for the society. The implementation of a vaccination program against HPV is a way to avoid these costs. Aim: The study aimed to calculate the economic impact of the HPV- vaccination program for children in Sweden through a cost-benefit analysis. Method: In this analysis, status quo was compared with non-administration of the HPV-vaccine for the selected cohort of ten-years-old girls in Sweden.