För att undvika komplikationer vid blodtransfusioner fenotypas blodgivarens blod med avseende på kliniskt relevanta blodgruppsantigen. Fenotypning innebär att erytrocytantigen påvisas, vilket kan utföras med bland annat rör- eller gelkortsteknik. Dessa tekniker bygger på antigen-antikroppsreaktioner, agglutination. Agglutinat kan uppstå direkt när antikroppar binder samman erytrocyter eller uppstå sekundärt när antihumanglobulin reagerar med antikroppar bundna till erytrocyter.Syftet med studien var att jämföra rörteknik och gelkortsteknik för fenotypning avantigenerna RhC, -c, -E, -e inom Rh-systemet samt antigenerna inom Kell- (K), Duffy-(Fya)och Kidd-systemen (Jka). Detta med avseende på säkerhet, tid, ekonomi samt att utföra en validering av fenotypning med gelkortsteknik.Blod från 80 blodgivare fenotypades manuellt (direkt agglutination och indirekt antihumanglobulinteknik) med rör- och gelkortsteknik.Resultaten visade ingen skillnad mellan rör- och gelkortsteknik avseende de i studien fenotypade erytrocytantigen.Resultaten visade att rörtekniken är ett kostnadseffektivt verktyg för fenotypning.

Background:The concept of transition means a change in a person's life where he or she is forced to adapt. There are different phases in life that results in different adaptations. In this essay, transition is described as the physical and mental journey between the home and an elder care facility. The Aim was to describe elderly people's experiences of transition when moving from their previous home into an elder care facility. The Method used was a literature review.

Background The usage of Nutrition supplement in the elderly care is commonly occurring and plays an important role in the intake of nutrition for the elderly. The usage of nutrition supplement is to reduce malnutrition within elderly care. For the elderly it is crucial to keep a healthy diet and to never lose weight. The loss of weight can be very dangerous it could even be fatal for the aged and should therefore be avoided. To have a diet that is rich in energy such as enriched meals prevents the elderly from receiving a shortage of calories since the diet is rich in fat, protein and thus also rich in energy.

This diploma work addresses the question of how much energy is spent whenmanufacturing the components of a building as well as of how much energy is used inthe production of a building. The object of the studies is BioCentrum at the SwedishUniversity of Agricultural Sciences in Ultuna just outside the city of Uppsala. The aimof the work was to investigate how much energy was consumed when manufacturingand production in relation to the management, how many years the production wasrepresented. It was also a study in how mature the construction industry is to answerhow much energy was consumed in manufacturing.In order to get these answers a question form was developed and sent to thesuppliers to BioCentrum. In this form they were to respond to the quantity suppliedto BioCentrum and the amount of energy was spent when manufacturing thecomponents.

Engineers are a group of individuals who are attractive when companies are in need for competence in technology. Today it is a shortage of these competences in the labor market. Because of this there has grown a competition among companies when they strive to recruit the best engineers. Therefore companies spend more resources on marketing themselves as an attractive employer. This study was set out to find what engineers think is an attractive employer through a demographic perspective.

    The purpose of this essay is to examine trust, or lack of trust, in the social services. Previous research considering this topic is limited, which, in our point of view, implies the need of further studies. A quantative method was used, consisting of an online questionnaire containing statements about the social services. The statements were designed using a five level Likert-scale which required the respondent to rate their level of agreement. The questionnaire was published on five webcommunities directed to parents.

 Background and aim: Media development and digitalization has expanded the PR industry's working area. More participants are on the media market and it is becoming more and more difficult to define what PR really is and what the PR agencies/departments really do. Is PR marketing, information, event marketing or maybe propaganda? We believe that the complexity to define the term PR can lead to a loss of critical approach to the business, especially among young people. Has the PR industry managed to eliminate their negative image among students in upper secondary school and what do they associate with PR today? The aim of this essay is to examine what a selection of students associate with the term PR and if they are critical to the PR industry or not.Method/Material: The method is a quantitative survey.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka, beskriva och analysera olika aspekter på skolbytesprocessen i fem fall där en elev flyttat över från grundskolans till grundsärskolans verksamhet efter att de undervisats i grundskolan minst tre år. Studien har kvalitativ forskningsansats då den bygger på semistrukturerade intervjuer utifrån en intervjuguide. Insamlade intervjudata analyserades och tolkades utifrån Ad hoc metoden. Resultatet i vår studie utgår från Bronfenbrenners systemteori som innebär att vi har grupperat aspekterna i mikro-, meso-, exo- och makrosystem. Studien har tre olika teman utifrån frågeställningarna.

CRM är idag en viktig faktor för företag i fråga om att skapa kundlojalitet. För att skapa kundlojalitet måste företagen erbjuda kunderna värde som är specifikt för en enskild kund eller ett segment, CRM kan hjälpa företag med detta. När företag flyttar eller startar upp sina verksamheter genom att endast göra affärer på Internet så kan kunder köpa produkter från företaget 24 timmar om dygnet 7 dagar i veckan. Det leder inte alltid bara till mer tillgänglighet utan kan även betyda en förändring av konkurrenssituationen.En bra utformad webbplats kräver inte många steg för att köpa en produkt eller eventuellt registrera sig som kund hos ett företag, vilket leder till att ett byte mellan olika företag kan gå väldigt enkelt och snabbt för en kund att göra. Vi har i uppsatsen undersökt hur lätta byten mellan leverantörer påverkar företagens arbete med lojalitetsskapande CRM.

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an umbrella term for ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. These are characterized by a chronic inflammation of the intestinal mucosa. Living with chronic illness meant that life changed significantly. Quality of life was affected for these individuals and was stressful in their lives. Aim: The aim was to describe the experiences of living with inflammatory bowel disease. Method: A qualitative literature review was chosen to analyze articles that were related to the aim of this study. Results: Based on the chosen articles five themes were created; Commuting between hope and fear, symptoms of the disease and medication become everyday focus, struggling with  the new identity, desire to control the disease- do I control my illness or does it control me and social relationships are affected. Conclusion: Inflammatory bowel disease is a distressing disease and can cause limitations in social life due to lack of knowledge by others about the disease. The affected felt a loss of control in their life due to the difficulty in managing the symptoms.

The aim of this study was to develop, implement and evaluate a mindfulness- and acceptance-based smoking cessation program in group (MRG). MRG was developed into an intervention consisting of 6 group sessions during 35 days including individual homework assignments. 8 of 10 participants completed the program. In order to evaluate the effect of MRG a quasi-experimental design with pretest and double posttest (second posttest at 1 month) was chosen. At second posttest, 50 percent (of 8 completers) were non-smokers, and the rest showed a decrease in smoking at a rate between 45 and 75 percent.

Background: Loneliness is an ordinary but complex concept which exist of several dimensions. Loneliness can mean and create suffering for the individual but there is sometimes a need to be alone and some individuals who live alone can experience a communion with the existence itself.Aim: To clarify the concept loneliness and its complexity with focus on the experience of loneliness in elderly individuals.Method: Walker and Avants (2005) model for concept analysisResults: The defining attributes the analysis resulted in that the experience of loneliness in elderly individual's is: a subjective and unique experience; positive or negative and ranges in intensity; strongly connected to communion and social relationships with other individuals; connected to loss and miss of one or several elements as meaningful interactions, communion, physical abilities, work, respect, health and quality of life. The attributes were also closely connected to their antecedents and consequences. To clarify the concept further was a model case, a borderline case and a contrary case created. The empirical referents are presented in the discussion.Conclusion: Through clarifying the core of the concept with focus on elderly individual's experience of loneliness is the hope that this concept analysis can support nursing staff to search for understanding for the elderly individual's experience of loneliness and pay attention to its complexity..

The purpose of this study is to determine who visits the V Frölunda Library, Gothenbug,what magazines they read and why. The data presented in this thesis are collectedusing four methods: general observation and counting numbers of visitors, interviewswith 202 magazine readers, the completion of 1308 questiomaires regarding approximately350 maghes and interviews with more than 100 library visitors.The data indicates that men are significantly overrepresented among magazine readersas compared to the female visitors. These men are primarily from the white collar sectorof the community. This leads to a pronounced underrepresentation of the blue coIlarworkers. Young people visit the magazine room in the library at a rate about twice thatexpected from the population distribution.Women are primarily interested in magazines dealing with the home whereas men aremore interested in business, cars, boats and sports.

In today?s society it is not uncommon for people to move across borders. We are more likely to work and study in other countries, initiate cross-border relationships, acquire property in other states and change our residence. Therefore it is not uncommon for a per-son to leave inheritance in several states. The laws of succession differ between countries which creates an uncertainty among the devisors when planning their successions.

Problem Efter stormen Gudrun drog över Sverige den 8 januari 2005 var en naturkatastrof ett faktum. Träd blåste ner och många skogsägare förlorade åtskilliga hektar skog. Elledningarna som sträcker sig genom den småländska skogen blev ett lätt byte för stormen. En del elbolag har valt att satsa på driftsäkerhet genom att gräva ner elledningar. Att genomföra en sådan radikal förändring av nätstrukturen skulle troligen innebära lång förberedelse och en mångmiljoninvestering.Syfte Syftet med denna uppsats är att söka svar på vilka faktorer Sydkraft Nät AB tar hänsyn till vid planläggande av investeringarMetod Utifrån syftet med uppsatsen valdes en kvalitativ metodansats med personliga intervjuer där fokuspunkter användes.