Bröstcancer är en vanligt förekommande sjukdom idag och väcker många starka känslor. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att få klarhet och ökad förståelse i hur bröstcancerdrabbade kvinnor och män upplever och hanterar sin sjukdom för att ta reda på hur vi som sjuksköterskor kan ge tillfredsställande omvårdnad till dessa patienter. Litteraturstudien baserades på elva vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativ inriktning granskade enligt Polits et al (2001) kriterier. Den teoretiska referensramen var Cullbergs (1992) beskrivning av den traumatiska krisens förlopp. Resultatet uppdelades i sju teman, under vilka upplevelser och hanteringsstrategier hos de drabbade beskrivs.

Bakgrund: Bröstcancer är den vanligaste dödsorsaken globalt gällande kvinnor. Att leva med en bröstcancersjukdom kan innebära mycket svåra lidanden. Många av kvinnorna får stora vårdbehov och där kan vårdpersonalen ibland orsaka vårdlidande utan att vara medvetna om problemet. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva vårdlidande för kvinnor med en bröstcancer sjukdom Metod: Studien utfördes som en litteraturstudie med sju kvalitativa artiklar. Författarna identifierade olika mönster och kategorier i artiklarna.

Automatic milking systems (AMS) are part of a growing trend in Sweden and the number of milk-producing farms is decreasing rapidly. One main reason for the AMS is its ability to facilitate work for the farmer. The effects of introduction prior to calving have not been documented earlier and farmers are not in agreement, however they seldom see a problem with the introduction. The aim of this report is to find differences between two groups of heifers, where one group is trained i.e. introduced to the AMS before calving and the other group is introduced after calving.

Bröstcancer är en av de vanligaste sjukdomarna bland kvinnor i Sverige. Varje dag får 15-20 kvinnor diagnosen bröstcancer. Syftet med denna studie var att belysa kvinnors upplevelser av att leva med och vårdas för bröstcancer. En litteraturstudie har använts och självbiografier har analyserats för att få en kvalitativ ansats. Analysen resulterade i fem kategorier vilka representerar de erfarenheter som framkom bland kvinnorna.

Baled silage has become one of the most important conservation methods in Sweden. Because we take our grass as silage we get the quality and the good hygenic that we would like to have. Silage has become a big buisiness also in the horse feeding where many of the breeders have changed from the hay to the hay-silage. The difference between regular silage and haysilage is that the hay silage is dryer (60-70%DM). The hay-silage has also put higher demands on machinery and wrapping material since the grass gets sharper and harder to press together real hard. The main reason for the test was to compare two different systems for wrapping, the new Cross Pac and conventional.

Syftet med denna systematiska litteraturstudie var att beskriva de psykosociala och existentiella behov som kan uppstå hos kvinnor med bröstcancer samt i hur stor utsträckning bröstcancerpatienter upplever att dessa behov tillgodoses i vården. Dessutom var syftet att få en uppfattning om betydelsen av komplementär och alternativ medicin för bröstcancerdrabbade kvinnor. De vetenskapliga artiklar (n=25) som ingick i studien söktes datoriserat samt manuellt och en kvalitetsgranskning gjordes av litteraturen utifrån olika bedömningsformulär. Resultaten visar att de behov som uppstod hos kvinnorna med bröstcancer var behov av stöd, behov av information samt behov av kontinuitet i sjukvården. Majoriteten av kvinnorna upplevde att det psykosociala och existentiella stödet i sjukvården samt den information de fick hade stora brister.

The aim of this literature review was to discern which legislations and regulations related to animal welfare that comprises reindeer and their significance in reindeer husbandry. The Swedish Animal Welfare Act (1988:534) was enacted July 1, 1988 and its main purpose is to ensure a good animal health and environment. Animals that live in a good environment with good health is considered to have good welfare, which can be described as an individual's condition in relation to its surroundings. Reindeer herding is an extensive form without daily management. In reindeer husbandry there are eight specific seasons over the year and reindeer are handled as they migrates between pastures, get earmarks, are sorted for transport and slaughter.

Idag drabbas ca 9000 svenska kvinnor varje a?r utav bro?stcancer, till detta medfo?ljer olika typer av behandlingar i syfte att bota eller lindra. Ba?de cancern och behandlingarna medfo?r symtom och biverkningar som kan pa?verka kvinnans kropp. Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva vilka faktorer som pa?verkade kroppsbilden kvinnor med bro?stcancerbehandling.

Two field experiments were conducted in central Sweden in order to: 1) Determine a relationship between the number of approaching pine weevils (Hylobius sp.) and the number of attacks by pine weevils, in relation to the size of seedlings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). 2) Determine if application of methyljasmonate (MJ) on seedlings of Scots pine will result in higher resistance towards attacks by pine weevils and/or have any effect on the number of approaching pine weevils. The field experiments were designed with two separate parts in close vicinity on the same clear cuttings: a) pitfall traps placed in patches of scarified soil that caught approaching pine weevils at 2.5 cm from the bait, which consisted of different sized seedlings of Scots pine some of which were subjected to application of MJ and b) the same type of seedlings planted out in patches of scarified soil. The first field experiment was conducted on a 1-year old clear cutting outside Uppsala in east central Sweden and the trapping part of the experiment consisted of 8 blocks with 6 treatments: 1) control, 2) small over-wintered seedling, 3) medium sized seedling, 4) medium sized seedling treated with 0.5 ml 100 mmol MJ 4 days prior to start of experiment, 5) large seedling, 6) vial with 9.5 ml of ?-pinene. The trapping experiment lasted for 6 weeks in the early summer.

There is two dairy farms in Sweden with ability to be opened on both long sides, one outside Hjo and the other one, Brandstadholm, north of Sjöbo. When there is no measures and results or not enough literature about natural ventilation and especially on this kind of air inlet, makes my tests very interesting not only on Alnarp, but among other companies. I would like to find out if there is any air movements direct on the cows, how high/low temperature, air humidity, light intensity and noise standard inside the barn. Does Brandstadholm fulfil the rules and regulations when it comes to climate inside the barn? Could this system become the new dairy barn instead of the conventional barns in Sweden? I am going to focus on the animals environment, after all they are the one who is going to spend the most of the time in the barn. I used five electrical loggers distributed inside the barn to measure the temperature and one of the loggers measured the air humidity, every 15th minute. One logger were placed on the outside which measured both temperature and air humidity.

SAMMANFATTNINGSyfte Att studera om det förelåg skillnader i hunger, sug, motivation, koncentration samt törst beroende på andelen protein i kosten vid negativ energibalans. Metod Som en del av en större interventionsstudie användes enkäter i form av självskattningskalor för att studera de olika faktorerna (hunger, sug, motivation, koncentration och törst) vid normalt respektive lågt proteinintag vid negativ energibalans. Den större studien innefattade bl a moment så som fysiska arbetsprov, biokemiska tester, direkt ?och indirekt respiratorisk kalorimetri. Resultat Studien visar att ett proteinintag på 2,5 gram per kilo kroppsvikt varken ger minskad hunger eller minskat sug jämfört med vid ett proteinintag på 1.0 gram per kilo kroppsvikt.

KRAV-certified organic dairy herds generally have a lower milk yield than conventional dairy herds. A high-level of milk yield requires a feeding regime with high amounts of concentrates, a factor known to contribute to the development of claw lesions (Bergsten, C. 2003). The aim of this study was to compare claw health between organic and conventional dairy herds in free and tie stall systems. The number of herds from different domestic animal health associations was chosen in proportion to the association´s total portion of Swedish dairy producing herds of each type, respectively.

Determination of serum thymidine kinase 1 (TK-1) activity is used as a tumour marker in both human and veterinary medicine. TK-1 is an intracellular enzyme involved in a salvage pathway of DNA synthesis. The expression of TK-1 is cell cycle dependent and the activity increases markedly after the G1 to S transition in the cell cycle and then declines rapidly in G2. The pronounced proliferative activity in tumour cells result in a higher TK-1 enzyme activity within the cell. The fact that the increased TK-1 activity can be measured in serum makes TK-1 a useful marker in diagnostics of neoplastic diseases and it provides information regarding prognosis and treatment effectiveness. In human medicine a radioactive based test is used to determine the TK-1 serum activity.

Botulism is a serious disease with high mortality that can affect horses. Due to this about 20-30 percent of the horses in Sweden are vaccinated against botulism. The purpose of this study was to see how common botulism is in the Swedish horse population and to se if a connection between feeding with haylage and botulism could be seen. In addition to this, the study aimed to find how common vaccination against botulism is among Swedish horses and on what grounds the diagnosis botulism is made. Medical records of horses being diagnosed with botulism at all the major large animal hospitals in Sweden between 1995-2005 were searched. In addition to this the database where general practitioners report their cases as well as the cases with botulism reported to the insurance companies were included. The results of this study show that only 0,03 percent of the Swedish horse population has been diagnosed with botulism during the time period this study covers. In all the cases included in this study the diagnosis was made based on clinical signs and in none of the cases verification by isolating the toxin was possible. In all cases where forage is noted in the journals the horse has been feed haylage which indicate that there is a connection between the use of haylage and botulism. Three horses died despite being partially vaccinated against botulism type B which indicate that a correct vaccination has to be done before the horse get any protection or that the correct diagnosis was not botulism type B..

This master thesis was conducted in order to investigate the effects of the browsing species Yeheb on animal tissues in Swedish landrace goats and to make a literature review in order to increase the knowledge of the importance of this plant for livestock production in Somalia. The evergreen Yeheb bush is a very important feeding source for grazing and browsing animals in Somalia during the dry period. Yeheb contains cordeauxiaquinone that stains the bones of the animals red/pink, which has been an increasing problem when exporting meat to foreign countries. In an experiment, two goats were fed dry and fresh leaves from the Yeheb bush for one and two months, respectively. The goats did not feed the intended amount of dry leaves, since the supply and palatability was not as high as estimated.