Bakgrund: Cancer är idag en av de stora folksjukdomarna och den vanligaste dödsorsaken bland personer upp till 80 års ålder. Fler människor lever allt längre med diagnosticerad cancer men hälften av dem som drabbas blir inte botade. När bot inte längre är möjligt flyttas vårdens fokus till palliativ vård. Forskning visar att det finns stora brister inom den palliativa vård som bedrivs i Sverige. Patienter med obotlig cancer utgör en stor grupp i vården och deras upplevelser av bemötande i den palliativa vården är av stor vikt.

Introduktion I begreppet holistisk omvårdnad ingår att sjuksköterskan ska ta tillvara på patienters fysiska, psykiska, sociala och andliga behov. Sjuksköterskor som möter patienter som har drabbats av cancer ställs inför bemötande av andliga behov, men det råder en brist på kunskap hos sjuksköterskor om vad andliga behov innebär, vilket leder till svårigheter att bemöta dessa behov. Syfte Att undersöka vilka andliga behov patienter beskriver som drabbats av cancer. Metod Uppsatsen var en litteraturstudie. Resultatet byggde på elva vetenskapliga artiklar som togs fram genom databaserna PubMed och Cinahl samt genom manuella sökningar.

We have done a qualitative and quantitative study about math problems on second­ary school students. The study is based on the diagnosis, treatment and training of teachers, about students who have math difficulties. The aim of this work is to obtain teachers ?perceptions about students? diagnosis, treatment / improvement and continuing education for students who have math difficulties. By having interviewed various teachers through surveys we have received answers to their concerns about the diagnosis, treatment and the importance of continuous training of teachers on students? mathematics difficulties.

ABSTRACTBackground and aims: Nutrition is a part of the medical treatment, and also a part of the nursingcare. In spite of this, malnutrition is a common problem in the health care sector. Studies show thatnurses have too little knowledge about nutrition and malnutrition and that nutrition has low priorityin the daily work. The aim with this study was to find out the nurses self-reported knowledge aboutand their attitudes towards malnutrition, nutrition screening, prevention and treatment of patientswith malnutrition.Methods: A questionnaire was handed out to 65 nurses in two different care units and 36questionnaires were answered.Results: The respondents from the two care units self-reported their knowledge about nutrition andmalnutrition low. Most of the respondents stated to have a big need of education about nutritionscreening and more than half of the respondents stated that they have a need of education forprevention and treatment of malnutrition.

Background: About five percent of the infants being born in Sweden are cared for in a neonatal unit because of their prematurity. Breastfeeding and breast milk is considered to be the best nutrition for infants in general and for premature infants in particular. The premature infant, depending on how premature, may not be able to breastfeed effectively due to their immaturity. Stress, anxiety and fatigue are factors that affect breast milk production in a negative direction and these feelings are common in the neonatal unit.Aim: To illuminate mothers? experiences of breastfeeding the premature infant in the neonatal unit.Method: A literature review of eight studies with a qualitative research approach, published between the year 2000 and 2012 was conducted.

Discharge of inadequately treated waste water containing nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen as well as organic matter and bacteria is associated with a risk of eutrophication and contamination. The Swedish government has decided upon several Environmental Quality Objectives aiming to reduce the emissions of nutrients to water bodies.In Sweden, there are between 675 000 to 1 000 000 on-site sewage systems. Recent studies have shown that the function of small sewage treatment plants is in many cases insufficient. To prevent this regular service and supervision by a professional is needed. The focus of this study are small sewage treatment plants which use a technique where mechanical, chemical and/or biological reduction of pollutants is being used in the same facility to reduce nutrients in household wastewater.The aim of the study is to investigate how different municipalities ensure that small sewage treatment plants fulfill the requirements and reduce pollutants as efficient as the manufacturers claim.

The object of this essay was to illustrate and analyse what determines that a contract treatment investigation for a drug addict is initiated and what factors influence the investigation itself, from the probation service officer's perspective.We selected the following two questions:- What does the probation service officer see as being the deciding factor for a contract treatment investigation to be initiated?- What questions appear in a contract treatment investigation and how do they influence the investigation, according to the probation service officer?To find answers to these questions we conducted interviews with 11 probation service officers, during November and December 2005, at three different locations across Skåne. We decided to use the qualitative method for collecting the data we needed.In our essay we came to the conclusion that the will and motivation of the client is a deciding factor whether or not a contract treatment investigation is to be initiated. An important collaborator in this process is the social services. According to the probation service officers, many of the problems that may appear in the co-operation are due to the tough economic constraints experienced by the social services.

SammanfattningBakgrund: I Sverige diagnostiseras årligen cirka 250 barn med någon form av cancer och är den vanligaste dödsorsaken för barn mellan 1-15 år. Då hela familjen berörs när ett barn får cancer, är det viktigt att arbeta familjefokuserat. Det innebär att skapa en icke-hierarkisk relation till familjen och göra dem delaktiga samt arbeta utifrån ett salutogent förhållningssätt.Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva familjens upplevelser av att leva med ett cancersjukt barn.Metod: En litteraturstudie med deskriptiv design genomfördes med inspiration av innehållsanalys. Studien baseras på vetenskapliga artiklar som hämtats från tre olika databaser.Resultat: I resultatet framkommer åtta teman: Förändrad tillvaro, maktlöshet, stöd och avsaknad av stöd, vardagen blev en utmaning, skuld och otillräcklighet, sorg, hopp, god och bristande kommunikation.Slutsats: När barnet i familjen insjuknade i cancer förändrades tillvaron radikalt. Det blev en stor omställning, både känslomässigt och socialt.

Bakgrund: En av tre drabbas någon gång under livet av cancer. Cytostatikabehandlingenär en av de vanligaste behandlingsformerna, dessvärre medför den alltidbiverkningar. Håravfall beskrivs som en av de värsta biverkningarna undercytostatikabehandling. Syfte: Att belysa forskning kring cytostatikarelaterat håravfallhos kvinnor med cancer. Metod: Genom systematisk sökning via databaser valdes 7kvalitativa och 3 kvantitativa studier ut som grund för en litteraturstudie.

Bakgrund: Enligt Socialstyrelsen (2009) insjuknar cirka 300 barn i cancer varje år i Sverige, och 20 procent av alla dödsfall hos barn orsakas av cancer. Barn som blir sjuka i cancer kan komma att kräva palliativa omvårdnadsåtgärder, då kurativ behandling inte kan ges. Målet med den pediatriska palliativa vården är att uppnå mesta möjliga livskvalitet hos barn såväl som hos deras föräldrar. Syftet var att belysa psykosociala behov hos barn med cancer och hos deras föräldrar under den palliativa fasen på sjukhuset. Metod: En kvalitativ litteraturstudie gjordes utifrån åtta vetenskapliga artiklar som granskades med hjälp av två bedömningsprotokoll och analyserades enligt ett kvalitativt förfarande.

Aim: The aim of present study was to determine the frequency of taste and smell disorders occuring in patients receiving chemotherapy for cancer. Methods: The study was of an empirical cross sectional quantitative descriptive design. During one month, consecutive cancer patients at outpatient units in two Swedish hospitals were asked to participate in the study by completing a questionnaire that had been developed previously for a similar study. All participants had undergone at least 1 cycle of intravenous chemotherapy or  a minimum of seven days of oral chemotherapy. Results: A total of 102 patients completed the questionnaire.

I Sverige insjuknar årligen ungefär 300 barn och ungdomar i någon cancersjukdom. Cancer hos barn ansågs tidigare som någonting obotligt. De senaste årtiondenas medicinska framsteg har dock radikalt förändrat perspektivet på barncancer. I dag vet vi att två av tre barn blir botade. Förutom medicinskt - tekniskt kunnande är det också nödvändigt med ett riktigt omhändertagande och en god omvårdnad av patienten och familjen.

Beröring är ett universellt sätt att kommunicera på och ettnaturligt och medfött beteende. Beröring inom omvårdnadinnehåller fysiska, emotionella, sociala och spirituelladimensioner, vilket kan ses som ett holistiskt synsätt. Syftetmed studien var att belysa patienters upplevelser av beröringinom canceromvårdnad och palliativ omvårdnad. Studiengenomfördes som en litteraturstudie där 11 artiklaranalyserades. Resultatet visade att beröring huvudsakligenledde till ökat välbefinnande och förbättrad livskvalitet.Patienter upplevde att de kände sig bekräftade som en helmänniska och inte enbart som en sjuk kroppsdel.

The aim of this study is to examine if and to what extent the personnel at the local school perceive offensive treatment through the social media among the students and what the personnel thinks about the responsibility of the school to prevent this type of abuse. Offensive treatment through the social media has become a common occurrence among youth and affects health in both psychological and physical ways. As offensive treatment through the social media often takes place outside of school in the students spare time the responsibility of their health is unclear. But since it affects their school results the school has a responsibility to act, which is confirmed by legislation. However, the legislation does not mention offensive treatment through the social media and the school has no distinct guidelines to prevent this form of offensive treatment.

ABSTRACTBackground and aims: Nutrition is a part of the medical treatment, and also a part of the nursingcare. In spite of this, malnutrition is a common problem in the health care sector. Studies show thatnurses have too little knowledge about nutrition and malnutrition and that nutrition has low priorityin the daily work. The aim with this study was to find out the nurses self-reported knowledge aboutand their attitudes towards malnutrition, nutrition screening, prevention and treatment of patientswith malnutrition.Methods: A questionnaire was handed out to 65 nurses in two different care units and 36questionnaires were answered.Results: The respondents from the two care units self-reported their knowledge about nutrition andmalnutrition low. Most of the respondents stated to have a big need of education about nutritionscreening and more than half of the respondents stated that they have a need of education forprevention and treatment of malnutrition.