Cattle used for meat production can be held outside all year round and due to the legislation they should have access to shelters or other buildings for protection against the elements giving them a dry and clean bedding. There are different opinions concerning their need of protection and the question about necessity of shelters for cattle is of current interest due to a less profitable economy in meat production and the investment costs for shelters. The aim of this study was to acquire more knowledge about the natural behaviour of cattle concerning their use of shelters. The basis of the study was a series of questions regarding when animals choose to stay in shelters, if shelters were used less when they had access to protecting vegetation, how temperature and weather conditions affected the use of shelters and the influence of distance between shelter and feed. Behavioural studies was conducted at five different farms where six groups of suckler cows and heifers of following breeds and crossbreeds were observed; Aberdeen Angus, Charolais, Hereford, Scottish Highland Cattle, Simmental and the Swedish breeds SKB and SRB.

Outdoor housing of horses? best fulfils the horses? need for physical activity and it is an alternative to the more cost and energy demanding indoor housing in stables. Furthermore, if outdoor housed horses have access to shelter they can generally cope well with adverse weather conditions such as high or low ambient temperature, heavy rain or strong winds. In this study, the daytime shelter-seeking behaviour of three groups of horses housed outdoors was studied during the summer. The aim was to evaluate whether shelter use is related to weather variables (e.g., ambient temperature and wind speed) and insect harassment. The shelter-seeking behaviour was studied for three different groups of horses: Group 1) eight individually housed horses in paddocks that had access to three different shelter types (C: closed on three sides with roof, R: open on three sides with roof, W: closed on three sides without roof), Group 2) 25 group housed mares with foals on pasture with access to shelters C, and Group 3) ten mares without foals on pasture without access to shelter. Each group was studied for eight days.

Toxoplasma gondii är en obligat intracellulär parasit med kattdjur som huvudvärd och de flesta varmblodiga djur, inklusive människa, som mellanvärd. I mellanvärden bildas vävnadscystor, främst i nerv- och muskelceller, innehållande långsamt delande bradyzoiter. Smittan sprids framför allt via föda kontaminerad med oocystor från kattens faeces, otillräckligt upphettat kött innehållande infektiösa vävnadscystor eller via kongenital överföring. Infektionen är livslång och det har länge antagits att endast immunsupprimerade individer och gravida kvinnor uppvisar allvarliga kliniska symptom. Studier som visat beteendeförändringar hos infekterade immunkompetenta möss har dock lett till forskning gällande eventuella beteendeförändringar hos människa orsakade av T. gondii. Infektion med T.

?Liberal Democracy? is a common term in political theory, and it is used as if it had a commonly accepted referent, with both normative and descriptive content. This is certainly the case in democratic theory, where it on the one hand seems to refer to a normative democratic model; on the other hand it is used descriptively, to refer to real-life democracies. The deliberative democratic sub-field is not an exception; on the contrary, the term is frequently used albeit rarely defined; yet the concept it refers to is supposedly developed enough to allow detailed propositions about its citizens?s political behaviour.This essay is an attempt to analyze how Liberal Democracy is used by three deliberative democrats (Jürgen Habermas, John Dryzek and Stephen Elstub), in order to understand the democratic model (or models), whether normative or descriptive, they refer to.

Då producerande företag ska göra genomgripande verksamhetsförändringar såsom implementera produktionssystemet lean, kan det vara svårt att på förhand veta förändringarnas effekter.  Lean innebär att ledtider kortas men nya arbetssätt och verktyg bidrar till att kostnaderna initialt ofta ökar i förändringsarbete, vilket kan utmynna i en skepticism mot det nya systemet hos de anställda. Med hjälp av verktyg som mäter effekterna av förändringarna skulle denna skepticism kunna mötas. För att erhålla ett helhetsperspektiv ses produktion helst ur ett flödesperspektiv och idag finns inget bra verktyg som analyserar produktionsflöden ur både ledtids- och kostnadsperspektiv. Därför syftar detta arbete till att ta fram en modell för beräkning av ledtider och kostnader i ett produktionsflöde på ett sätt som möjliggör förståelse från flera olika intressentgrupper. Detta uppnås dels genom att den som använder modellen (1) erhåller en övergripande förståelse för flödets uppbyggnad och allokalisering av dess ledtider och kostnader samt (2) kan använda modellen för att analysera olika framtida scenarier vilka ligger till grund för förändringsarbetet.

?Liberal Democracy? is a common term in political theory, and it is used as if it had a commonly accepted referent, with both normative and descriptive content. This is certainly the case in democratic theory, where it on the one hand seems to refer to a normative democratic model; on the other hand it is used descriptively, to refer to real-life democracies. The deliberative democratic sub-field is not an exception; on the contrary, the term is frequently used albeit rarely defined; yet the concept it refers to is supposedly developed enough to allow detailed propositions about its citizens?s political behaviour.This essay is an attempt to analyze how Liberal Democracy is used by three deliberative democrats (Jürgen Habermas, John Dryzek and Stephen Elstub), in order to understand the democratic model (or models), whether normative or descriptive, they refer to.

Peat litter is a soft material with high absorbency. About hundred years ago many farmers in Sweden used peat litter to their dairy cows. After the World War II the use of peat litter decreased and the farmers used more straw. Nowadays (year 2007), when it is harder to find straw and sawdust to buy, peat litter is advancing again. The purpose with this study is to investigate peat as a litter to dairy cows.

ÖREBRO UNIVERSITYDepartment of Behavioural, Social and Legal SciencesC-essay in Social work, Advanced course2006To give up a criminal life styleA study of motivation and protectional factors of juveniles after a sentence of institutional care or community workEmma Henriksson & Karin TengnäsABSTRACTThe purpose of the study was to investigate the factors that juveniles sentenced to institutional care or community work perceive as important for their decision to give up a criminal life style. The study approach was based on a few specific questions: (1) What aspects of the treatment have contributed to a motivation to abandon the criminal life style? (2) What have motivated the juveniles to make a decision to leave the criminal life style? (3) Are there any specific internal or external protectional factors that have been decisive for the rehabilitation process and, if so, are they linked to intrinsic or extrinsic motivation? The study rests on the theoretical foundation created by earlier research on institutional care, motivation and protectional factors. Interviews were chosen as a method to secure qualitative data and the interview manual was designed on the basis of themes that reflect the questions of the study. Six young people?s perception of their treatment is documented in the study, as well as their opinion on the effectiveness of the treatment.

Human-animal interaction is suggested to be a main feature within livestock production. The quality of handling, for instance, appears to be greatly depending on the attitudes and behaviour of the stock people. Various studies have been conducted on relationships between human and animals, but few have looked upon differences in human-animal interaction and attitudes between countries. Two countries often discussed in livestock production are The Netherlands and Sweden. It would be of interest to compare these two countries to find out whether (assumed) differences are reflected in the attitudes between animal handlers.

Den första januari år 1999 upprättades ett nytt statligt pensionssystem i Sverige. Det gamla systemet ATP ersattes av ett nytt system; den allmänna pensionen. En del av den allmänna pensionen blev premiepensionen. Den delen av den allmänna pensionen är ett fonderat system där pensionsspararen själv kan välja hur det inbetalade pensionskapitalet ska placeras. Idag finns det drygt 800 fonder för pensionsspararna att välja bland till sin premiepension.

Den första januari år 1999 upprättades ett nytt statligt pensionssystem i Sverige. Det gamla systemet ATP ersattes av ett nytt system; den allmänna pensionen. En del av den allmänna pensionen blev premiepensionen. Den delen av den allmänna pensionen är ett fonderat system där pensionsspararen själv kan välja hur det inbetalade pensionskapitalet ska placeras. Idag finns det drygt 800 fonder för pensionsspararna att välja bland till sin premiepension.

Den första januari år 1999 upprättades ett nytt statligt pensionssystem i Sverige. Det gamla systemet ATP ersattes av ett nytt system; den allmänna pensionen. En del av den allmänna pensionen blev premiepensionen. Den delen av den allmänna pensionen är ett fonderat system där pensionsspararen själv kan välja hur det inbetalade pensionskapitalet ska placeras. Idag finns det drygt 800 fonder för pensionsspararna att välja bland till sin premiepension.

The mouse (Mus musculus) is the most commonly used mammal in biomedical research and can easily be restrained by both hand and by a device. Restraining animals causes stress that not only decreases the animal?s wellbeing, but may also influence the research results. The first aim of this study was to train mice to voluntarily stand still using positive reinforcement training. Another benefit of teaching a mouse to stand still is that you can avoid anaesthesia for some procedures.