This study analyzes how civil society contributes to the democratic development in a Nicaragua governed by the sandinist party FSLN. The empirical focus lays at the relationship between state and the civil society. By using a conceptual framework outlined by Caroline Boussard, the civil society is being analyzed as an actor with a democracy-building potential that is supported or constrained by a political context.The civil society is divided between traditional social movement and more newly borned NGOs. Social movements tend to approach the government comparatively to NGOs, which adopt a highly critical attitude. In contrast to NGOs, the traditional social movements are improving their democratic functions as a counterpart while NGOs confine its democratic potential to an agenda setter drawing attention to democratic deficits.

Syftet med uppsatsen var att undersöka hur arbetet i Nicaragua bedrivs för att förhindra och förebygga mäns våld mot kvinnor, samt vilka förutsättningar detta arbete har i landet. Syftet bröts ner i följande frågeställningar:Hur arbetar kvinnoorganisationer respektive familjevåldsenheter i Nicaragua med att förebygga och förhindra mäns våld mot kvinnor?Finns det andra viktiga aktörer i samhället som arbetar med att förebygga mäns våld mot kvinnor, vilka är de och hur arbetar de?Hur ser förutsättningarna i Nicaragua ut för verksamheter att arbeta för att förebygga och förhindra mäns våld mot kvinnor?Studien baseras på totalt sex intervjuer samt ett kortare samtal. De verksamheter som deltagit i studien är tre kvinnoorganisationer, en familjevåldsenhet, en mansorganisation, ett kvinnoboende samt ett nätverk bestående av kvinnoorganisationer och enskilda kvinnor. Mäns våld mot kvinnor i Nicaragua är ett stort problem i samhället och arbetet som bedrivs för att förhindra och förebygga våldet är omfattande.

Bakgrund: En långvarig exponering av ultraviolett strålning kan påskynda utvecklingen av pinguecula, pterygium och katarakt. Pinguecula är godartad men kan orsaka okulär irritation. Pterygium kan växa in över kornea och ge upphov till bland annat nedsatt visus. Katarakt står för ungefär 40 % av de 16 miljoner synsvaga i världen, varav 99 % finns i utvecklingsländer.Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka prevalensen av UV-relaterade förändringar i ögats främre segment bland glasögonbehövande under en resa med Vision For All till Nicaragua. Faktorer som ålder, kön samt miljö undersöktes för att se om det fanns något samband mellan dessa faktorer och prevalensen av vissa ögonförändringar i ögats främre segment bland de hjälpsökande.Material & metod: Studien genomfördes i april 2011 under en resa till Nicaragua i samarbete med Vision For All.

Syfte: Att ta reda på förekomst av heteroforier och heterotropier hos hjälpsökande människor på en Vision for All-resa i Nicaragua.Metod: Efter en enkel subjektiv refraktion genomfördes covertest på både avstånd (fem meter) och nära (40 centimeter) med eventuell korrektion vid behov. 684 personer undersöktes i åldrarna 5-95 år. Eso- exo- och vertikalfori samt eso- exo- och vertikaltropi noterades liksom ortofori. Ingen mätning av deviationerna genomfördes.Resultat: 91 personer (13,3 %) hade en deviation vid avståndsfixation som framkom av covertestet. Exofori fanns hos 9,5 % och esofori hos 1,9 %.

This study examines the differences between Bosnia and Herzegovina?s, Montenegro?s and Croatia's tourism development after the Civil War in the 1990s. In particular, this essay is about the town Neum, which is the only Bosnia and Herzegovina destination on the Adriatic, splitting the Croatian coast in two. Through information from books, the internet and interviews I´ve tried to find out why Neum is a special place to visit and how it differs from other destinations on the Adriatic coast. One of the findings is that many are not aware of Bosnia and Herzegovina having a small, but still, part of the Adriatic.

The main purpose of this thesis is to analyze laws that completely prohibit abortion through a legal philosophical perspective. To demonstrate that abortion blanket bans cannot be seen as legally legitimate, the author has completed a literature study where she uses Robert Alexy?s ?Concept of Law? to analyze abortion laws both in general, and in Nicaragua in particular.Based upon Alexy?s ?Concept of Law? the author has identified three relevant key elements ? social efficacy, the argument from injustice and correctness of content - which she uses in her analysis. In order to apply these three elements on the total abortion ban, she then uses four different analysis tools - feminist theory, Human Rights, deontology analysis and right analysis. This has enabled a thorough analysis of the total ban on abortion that has demonstrates that such laws cannot be considered legitimate.By highlighting the human rights violations the law entails, one can conclude that the law has a social impact.

There are five endemic populations of migratory Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar, Salmonidae) and brown trout (Salmo trutta, Salmonidae) remaining in Lake Vänern, whereof two are salmon and three are trout. There is one population of each species in Klarälven, also one of each in Gullspångsälven and there is a population of trout still remaining in Tidan River. Since the beginning of the 20th century endemic populations of salmon and trout have either vanished or declined dramatically due to the construction of hydropower in the rivers around the lake, and still today the future of the remaining populations remains uncertain. To manage salmonid fishes effectively more knowledge of their ecology throughout their different life-stages is needed. A large part of the Lake Vänern salmonoids lives are spent in the lake, where a mayor mortality factor is recreational fishing, especially angling.

I Nicaragua utsätts varannan kvinna för fysiskt våld av en partner vid minst ett tillfälle under sin livstid. Ca 60 % av Nicaraguas befolkning är under 17 år och vart fjärde nyfött barn föds av en mamma som är under 18 år. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur unga nicaraguanska kvinnor beskriver det våld de har utsatts för av en partner och hur våld i nära relationer påverkar unga kvinnors möjligheter att bestämma över sin sexualitet och användningen av preventivmedel. Syftet var också att undersöka vad som finns skrivet om detta ämne i tidigare forskning.Datainsamlingen genomfördes med hjälp av kvalitativ forskningsmetod i form av djupgående intervjuer med unga kvinnor som upplevt våld i en parrelation. Dessutom gjordes litteraturstudier av tidigare forskning.

In Lake Vänern, Sweden, there is an endemic population of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) that lives its entire life in fresh water. The salmon is hindered from migrating to its natural spawning sites in the northern part of the River Klarälven by nine hydro-electric power plants. None of the hydro-electric power plants have fishways so that salmon migrating upstream or downstream may pass. In the current situation, the upward migrating salmon are caught in a fish trap at the most downstream located power plant in Forshaga. From there, the salmon are driven in a truck, past eight power plants and released a few kilometers upstream of the eighth power plant at Edsforsen.

The life cycle of the anadromous Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) can span large geographic, political, and socio-economic boundaries. Management strategies and regulations that only concentrate on small spatial scales often overlook larger basin-wide problems, especially relating to post-spawn seaward migration. In this master thesis one entire migration cycle of wild adult Atlantic salmon in the unregulated northern Swedish river Vindelälven was monitored by radio-telemetry tracking during upstream spawning migration and downstream seaward migration back to the Baltic Sea. The effect of ladder passage variables (time to pass, total time in the ladder, passage day over the ladder) at a fish ladder downstream in the river Umeälven, as well as fish size, were evaluated to determine if differences in upstream migration distance in the river Vindelälven could be observed. Ladder passage variables did not affect migration distance, but size exhibited a negative relationship to migration distance.

The survival of hatchery reared smolts is generally low after release. To get a better understanding of what variables affecting migration success, Atlantic salmon smolts were studied during their out-migration in the old river channel in the lower part of river Umeälven. The area consists of shifting habitat and complex structures which causes difficulties for smolt on their migration out to sea. The aim of this study was to try to determine the effects of feed restriction, fin conditions and different physical barriers in the river, on the migratory behavior of Atlantic salmon smolts in the river Umeälven. The river was divided into six different sections using acoustic receivers strategically deployed along the river. Two-year old hatchery-reared smolts (n=150), in three different weight classes, were tagged with acoustic transmitters.

The last century, forest fires have decreased in frequency due to efficient fire-suppression along with the growth of the industrial forestry. Since 1990, fire has been reintroduced under controlled forms to recreate burnt habitats. Many species that are dependent on, or benefits from, forest fires have increased since fire was reintroduced. The importance of connectivity is often addressed in ecological research. This is particularly important for species dependent on short-lived habitats such as burnt forests.

The purpose of this essay is to analyse how and why culture and tradition is created and maintained within a minor student society at a Swedish university by looking at its history. The West Coast Nation student society provided the material which was subsequently analysed and three sociological perspectives were applied in order to give the study a theoretical base. In order to investigate the purpose of the society, durkheimian theories on functionalism were applied. Moreover, Bourdieu?s thoughts on social fields were used as well as Elias? theories on the established and the outsiders.

Equality is a central aspect within development work. All development work is expected to be influenced by a gender equalty thinking, and these directions are distributed by the Department of Foreign Affairs, through Sida to Forum Syd and down to the very grasroot level, through Forum Syds local cooperation organisations. The essays question of research is a reflection over empowerment, with other words how international organisations influence other societies understanding of the society dynamics. This aspect triggered my interest for the subject, aswell as the link between aid, equality and men, and how these factors are in need of eachother. My study is mainly build on theoretical starting points, and not on earlier studies.

Uppsats för avläggande av filosofie kandidatexamen iKulturvård, Bebyggelseantikvariskt program15 hpInstitutionen för kulturvårdGöteborgs universitet2014:12.