We have made a litterature study about pain in animals. In this studie we have brought up areas like sign of pains in animals, pain relief and the care perspective. Pain is perceived when body tissue is damaged or nearly damaged by stimuli. Nociceptors, which are receptors placed at nerve endings, responds to a provocation of pain and transmit an impulse along the nerve to the brain via the spinal cord. Pain is urgent or chronic, and can be divided into nociceptive pain (somatic pain and visceral pain) and neuropathic pain. Different pain mechanisms can arise, such as referred pain, which is when signals of pain are referred to other parts of the body.

The guinea pig is an important meat-producing animal in Peru as well as in several other South American countries. They are held in different kinds of systems, from the small backyard breeders with few animals to the large commercial farms with thousands of guinea pigs. One of the major issues at the farms is animals dying of unknown causes. Salmonellosis is often considered as a major cause, but samples for confirmation are rarely taken. It has been known for a long time that Clostridium difficile (C.

To differentiate between bones from sheep (Ovis aries) and bones from of goats (Capra hircus) is a long lasting challenge for zoologists, archaeozoologists and osteologists. Especially considering archaeological remains which are often found fractured and poorly preserved due to taphonomic processes. Zeder & Pilaar?s (2010) and Zeder & Lapham?s (2010) methods of species differentiation has shown promising results when used on bones from modern sheeps and goats. This paper aims to evaluate these methods by exerting them on excavated bones from kv.

This project was initiated by a veterinarian, that at stallion performance tests for breeding during a number of years, noted breed differences in various types of testicular disorders. Therefore it was of interests to examine the proportion of testicular disorders within certain breeds. The aim with the project was in a first part to study cryptorchidism in common horse breeds in Sweden. Information about castrations of stallions performed during a 10 year period (2000-2009) was collected from computerized case records at five animal hospitals. The case records showed the numbers of castrations, normal cases and cases preformed on stallions with cryptorchidism, abdominal respectively inguinal.

In the debate on laying hen welfare, and specifically housing conditions, the main focushas been on physiological and behavioural measures. What is lacking is knowledge of howthe hen experiences the situation ? her state of mind.This study is an attempt to gain insight into the private mental states of former batteryhens. It uses a cognitive bias method based on spatial judgement, i.e. judgement of aambiguous stimulus placed spatially in between a reinforced and an unreinforced stimulus.This method has previously shown differences in judgement by animals in enriched versuspoor housing.

The number of elderly in Sweden is increasing due to improved living conditions and better medical care. It is important that society adapts to the increase and begins to work preventively to reduce the costs of the increase. An important aspect is the elderly accommodation, the cost of health care in specific accommodation is almost twice as high as those for ordinary housing. Therefore, it is important that we availability adapt dwelling to allow older people to live in ordinary housing for as long as they wish, instead of moving to assisted living before they need it. If we can fulfil the elder?s needs with home care instead, society can save a lot of money.In this report, three different forms of housing has undergone accessibility increases and been inventoried and analysed.

Den ekologiska produktionen styrs av många olika lagar och regler som den konventionella produktionen inte behöver följa. Dessa regler kan ses som en välfärdsgaranti i den ekologiska slaktkycklingproduktionen då reglerna främst är skrivna för att kycklingarna ska kunna utföra sina naturliga beteenden i en passande miljö. Rastgårdar ska finnas till de ekologiska kycklingarna för att de ska få beta, få motion och få chansen att bygga upp sitt naturliga immunförsvar. I många fall ses rastgården som en positiv aspekt av den ekologiska produktionen, men det finns även problem relaterade till utevistelsen då exempelvis vilda djur kan lockas till slaktkycklingarna och på så vis stressa upp dem, smitta dem med parasiter och patogener eller äta upp dem. Det är vedertaget att den ekologiska produktionens dödlighet är högre än den konventionella produktionens på grund av rovdjuren och sjukdomarna och de ekologiska kycklingarna utsätts i många fall för fler smittorisker på grund av utevistelsen.

Mulesing is a surgical husbandry procedure performed on lambs in Australia. The reason is toprevent severe fly-strike to the breech area, which otherwise risks to be soiled with faeces.This problem is mainly occurring in sheep of the Merino breed. Their fine wool is in demandworldwide due to high quality. Mulesing has been performed since the 1930?s, and eventhough alternative methods have been discussed nothing is yet generally accepted.

Borderlands. A study of the aesthetic-practical environment, its pedagogical and therapeutical properties based on the outline of two practices/institutions: the workshops at Hagastiftelsen and the bookbindery at the Kristofferschool. The perspective on education, pedagogy and therapy taken is an existential one where the main aims of an educational-therapeutic intervention is to support biographical development and integrity. In the process action research in my own bookbinding workshop as well as hermeneutic research at the workshops at Hagastiftelsen where adults with autism and other neuropsychological disorders work have been the sources of primary empirical data. Secondary sources are patient-histories written by Oliver Sacks as well as autobiographical narratives of some adults with autism.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka intresset för aktiv dödshjälp hos patienter som lider av en långt framskriden cancer samt vilka faktorer som påverkar dem i detta ställningstagande. I en litteraturstudie har relevant litteratur insamlats, analyserats och tolkats. Utifrån bevisen från sammanlagt fem kvalitativa studier har nya slutsatser dragits. Resultaten pekar på att det finns ett intresse för aktiv dödshjälp bland svårt sjuka cancerpatienter men att detta i hög grad är framtidsorienterat. Faktorer som påverkar intresset är uppfattningen om att vara en börda för andra, rädsla för framtiden, lidande, den demoraliserande inverkan som cancern har på individen samt religion och etik..

During the last decades the evolution of information technology and the increasing ability to access information have been discussed in many ways. In the beginning the focus was on the technology but now the discussion is more and more about the use of information and how to develop knowledge out of it. There is an ongoing discussion about the difference between knowledge and information. The subject of this Master s thesis is to find out if and how the Swedish elementary school has written into its mission statements to help the pupils to become information literate. For this purpose I have examined literature about information literacy and pedagogic as well as legislation and other documents that control how the Swedish elementary schools work.

Rörfonation och traditionell svensk röstbehandling är två av de vanligaste behandlingsalternativen inom svensk röstlogopedi idag. Som forskare är det viktigt att kontinuerligt utvärdera de behandlingar som erbjuds för att göra vården mer kvalitativ och kostnadseffektiv. Finns det skillnader i behandlingseffekt mellan dessa två röstbehandlingar? Är skillnaderna så tydliga att det går att fastslå att den ena behandlingen är att föredra framför den andra?Med analyser av ett patientmaterial, före och efter behandling, i form av akustisk analys, perceptuella bedömningar av en grupp erfarna logopeder samt patienternas självskattningar syftar föreliggande uppsats till att besvara vad behandlingsformerna har för effekt inom dessa områden.Patientmaterialet bestod av totalt 28 patienter varav 23 fullföljde behandling. Tolv av dessa erhöll behandling med rörfonation medan resterande elva patienter erhöll traditionell svensk röstbehandling..

Smärta är en sensorisk upplevelse såsom syn, hörsel och beröring vilket gör att smärta är mångfasetterad. Detta gör postoperativ smärta till en komplex uppgift för sjuksköterskan. Postoperativ smärtbehandling är att avlägsna obehag, att underlätta återhämtning och att undvika komplikationer. Varje patient har en unik upplevelse av smärta och en individuell acceptans av smärta vilket skapar skillnader i önskemål om smärtlindring. Vården ska så långt som det är möjligt utformas och genomföras i samråd med patienten.

The purpose of this work was that with the help of a literature review have a single document with information on how the various species: brown bear (Ursus arctos), lynx (Lynx lynx) and the wolf (Canis lupus) living in the wild. The aim was also to show which stereotypic behaviours these different species have in zoos and the enrichments that is already being used and to make suggestions and recommendations on enrichment based on animal behaviour ecology. In zoos, some species thrive well while others have propositions to propagating problems, poor health and stereotypic behaviors. The brown bear, lynx and wolf, live both in the wild and in zoos in Sweden. As these animals have different ways of living in the wild, it is important to accommodate to each species, the way they are kept in zoos in accordance with their behavioural ecology.Brown bears are omnivorous and solitary living species with large energy needs so that they spend most of their day to actively feeding but also rest.

Since the wild boars (Sus scrofa) escaped from their enclosures in the 1970s, their numbers has increased dramatically. It is an animal that is currently involved in many traffic accidents. The wild boar is a popular animal to hunt. As the population has grown so has the hunting. But, unfortunately, there have also been an increased numbers of attacks on hunters.