PSI-N is one of the subunits in eukaryotic Photosystem I (PSI) and is located on the lumenal side of the thylakoid membrane. It is known to interact in the electron transport chain between plastocyanin and PSI, but the mechanism behind the interaction is still unclear. To achieve a better understanding of PSI-N´s role in the photosynthesis it is necessary to develop a method for purification of PSI-N. The goal with this project was to design a plasmid that encodes a fusion protein containing PSI-N. With use of proteases the fusion protein can be cleaved into purified PSI-N.

PSI-N is one of the subunits in eukaryotic Photosystem I (PSI) and is located on the lumenal side of the thylakoid membrane. It is known to interact in the electron transport chain between plastocyanin and PSI, but the mechanism behind the interaction is still unclear. To achieve a better understanding of PSI-N´s role in the photosynthesis it is necessary to develop a method for purification of PSI-N. The goal with this project was to design a plasmid that encodes a fusion protein containing PSI-N. With use of proteases the fusion protein can be cleaved into purified PSI-N.

The importance of micropropagation has increased to provide the increasing fields with true to type and healthy plants. Traditional plants are growing on solid agar-based medium but lately liquid medium has become a new opportunity. This study has focused on a new bioreactor, developed on large scale micropropagation. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L. ?Semlo?), raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.

In a sustainable society the use of renewable energy and recycling of materials is of high importance. Wastewater treatment plants use large amounts of energy in the processing of wastewater. This study seeks to evaluate wastewater as an energy resource and to examine treatment plants potential to become sustainable energy producers. The study is based upon the internal processes of Himmerfja?rdsverket.

The cell cycle is the time a cell spends between two cell divisions. The cell cycle includes several parallel processes, all of which must be completed before a cell is mature for dividing. In the first place, all subcomponents (RNA, protein and membrane lipids) need to double in quantity and this occurs continuously through the cell cycle. Furthermore, the genome and some chromosomal proteins must double and this take place during a limited interval in the middle of the cell cycle (S-phase). On either side of the S-phase are two "gaps" which is called G1 and G2. When the cell has passed a point in the G-phase they are irreversibly programmed to progress through the remaining of the cell cycle and will undergo the next cell division. When a cell have passed a point in the G1 phase, approximately four hours after mitosis, a normal cell is in a state of indecision.

This project aims to investigate whether algae can be used for biodiesel production in Italy. Algaes are a good option since they are fast growing and do not occupy arable land. The aspects that have been considered are growing, harvesting, which algae strain that is most suitable, extraction of oil, the production of biodiesel and where in Italy this could be possible due to climate. Cost? and energy calculations have been made to investigate if biodiesel produced from algae would be profitable. During the production of biodiesel there are several residues obtained. When the oil has been extracted from the algae, biogas is produced from the residual biomass by anaerobic digestion and then the electricity that can be produced is supplied to the production of biodiesel.

Itraconazole is a third generation azol, a fungicide which acts by inhibiting ergerosterol synthesis in the fungal cell membrane, and thereby disturbing fungal regeneration. It has proven to be less toxic, to have a broader spectrum of activity and to be more potent than its predecessor ketoconazole. Itraconazole is only available in therapheutics approved for human use. Pharmacokinetic studies has been performed in humans, dogs, cats and laboratory animals. Although itraconazole has been used tentatively with good effect against fungal infections in horses, no pharmacokinetic studies have yet been done.

Biogas är en förnyelsebar energikälla som tillverkas genom att organiskt material som matavfall bryts ner av mikroorganismer under anaeroba (syrefria) förhållanden. Regeringen har satt upp mål för en högre matavfallsutsortering vilket leder till ökad mängd tillgängligt substrat till biogasproduktion.Matavfallet som samlas in börjar brytas ner under tiden det transporteras och lagras. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur länge matavfall lagras, ta fram ett representativt recept på ett genomsnittligt matavfall i Sverige och utvärdera hur mycket metanpotential som försvinner från matavfall med avseende på lagringstid, insamlingssystem (papper- och plastpåse) och lagringstemperatur (22°C och 6°C) genom laboratorieförsök.Den genomsnittliga lagringstiden för matavfall från villor och flerbostadshus i undersökningen var sex dagar. Ett recept för matavfall har tagits fram med hjälp av litteratursökning och modifiering av recept i Avfall Sveriges rapport U2010:10. Laboratorieförsöken visade att skillnaden i metanpotential mellan plast och papper var tydlig vid 22°C, då metanpotentialen sjunker, men obefintlig vid 6°C.För att uppnå maximal metangasproduktion från matavfall under den varma delen av året så är plastpåsar bättre då de har en mer konserverande effekt på matavfallet än papperspåsar.

Chlorinated solvents are common contaminants in soil and water. Under anaerobic conditions microbes are capable of transforming chlorinated solvents into ethylene which would result in a remediation of the contaminated area. In order to use natural attenuation as a remediation method evidence of continuous degradation is required. Furthermore, the degradation must occur at a sufficient rate and continuous monitoring of the site is needed until the demanded levels are achieved. A field study was performed on the basis of data from a dry-cleaning facility contaminated mainly by perchloroethylene.

Avloppsreningsverket Sundet i Växjö har en rötningsanläggning som producerar biogas. Anläggningen består idag av två rötkammare och en maskin för avvattning som substratet går igenom efter rötningen. Substratet som används i rötningsprocessen är avloppsslam från Växjö. Planer finns på att utöka processen med en tredje reaktor i vilken det rötade slammet ska återrötas. Detta för att få ut mer biogas ur slammet.

Mast cells have for a long time been known to accumulate around tumors (Maltby et al., 2009). Studies show that they may be important and sometimes essential in tumor angiogenesis, tumor growth and metastasis of tumors (Soucek, et al., 2007; Xiang et al., 2010). In an expression array study (Wensman et al, submitted manuscript) performed on mouse mast cells exposed to tumor conditioned medium, the gene 4-1BB was among the most up-regulated genes compared to control medium. 4-1BB codes for a membrane receptor protein of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily and has been shown to be important in T cell regulation in tumor diseases. This study was performed to investigate if human mast cells up-regulate 4-1BB when they get exposed to tumor conditioned medium.

En säker bakteriediagnostik kräver en korrekt provtagningsteknik, ett lämpligt transportsätt och rätt odlingsteknik. På grund av centralisering av verksamheter och ekonomiska begräsningar, är transport av prover till mikrobiologilaboratorium mycket vanligt. Detta medför behov av ett transportmedium som håller känsliga bakterier vid liv under långa transport- och förvaringstider. Dessutom skall transportrören klara av maskinell utodling som kräver ett vätskebaserat provtagningsmedium. Denna övergång minskar även arbetsbelastning och förbättra ergonomin hos personalen.

Det är många faktorer som bestämmer val av tak i olika situationer idag. Den största frågan som uppstår handlar oftast om kostnaden. I intervjuer och studier har en sammanställning gjorts som beskriver alternativen grönt tak eller traditionella svarta tak på det nya badhuset i Umeå ur de tre hållbarhetsdimensionerna.Det extensiva gröna taket visar sig vara mer bullerdämpande, förbättrar luftkvaliteten i tätbefolkade och trånga städer. Det gröna taket har även en förmåga att ta upp ca 50 % av den årliga nederbörden. Något som gör det gröna taket mer hållbart ur ett miljömässigt perspektiv.

Deposited waste material degrades within a short period in anaerobic environments. The methane gas that is formed provides a harmful contribute to the greenhouse effect, 23 times larger impact than carbon dioxide. It is therefore desirable to minimize the emissions of methane gas from landfills. This may be achieved by drain the landfill of gas. In this thesis the amount of produced methane gas at the landfill at Örebro has been calculated. Estimations have also been made of the amount of methane gas that might be produced in the landfill in the future.

The escalating usage of pyrethroids has resulted in an increased awareness about resistance towards pyrethroids in insects. Pyrethroids inhibit voltage-sensitive sodium channels (VSSC) in nerve cell membranes and are composed of synthetic molecules based on pyrethrins present in pyrethrum extracts from Chrysanthemum species. VSSC are transmembrane proteins that are important for electric signalling over the membrane in insects. Mutations in the gene encoding the sodium channel have proved to be a common reason for resistance against pyrethroids. Pyrethroid resistance among pollen beetles is spread all over Sweden and also abroad and is increasing.