Membrane bioreactors (MBR) combined with biological phosphorous treatment (Bio-P) has been investigated if that could be an alternative to the future expansion with conventional active sludge treatment at Lundåkra wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in the proximity of Landskrona, Sweden.The results showed that the surface demand in the biological treatment will be reduced with 67% with the MBR-alternative compared to a conventional activated sludge process. The nutrient removal in the MBR-solution was decreased or unchanged for nitrogen-, phosphorous- and organic parameters. However, the energy demand will increase with an estimated cost of approximately 1 million SEK annually. Moreover, the extra chemical consumption is estimated to cost 370 000 SEK annually.The disturbances caused by filamentous bacteria such as sludge dispersal could be resolved with MBR-technology because the membranes are not affected by these organisms. The Bio-P process combined with MBR-technology works if the wastewater recirculates from the membranes to an Aerobic zone.In the proposal, there will be a new pre-treatment step, for instance hole screens.

Deep litter is a system for animals kept in separate stalls, loafing and bedding in wind shelters. The litter can consist of different bedding, like straw and peat. The system is allowed to build over and to ensure optimal proportions it is necessary to add new straw regularly and to have good conditions. Important conditions are Aerobic state, humidity, amount of organic substance and acceptable temperatures in the litter. The micro organisms are depending on temperature for their living conditions and to get the bottom layer in the litter to start burning.

AimThe aim of this study was to survey the physical fitness in boys with type 1 diabetes (IDDM). The results were compared to a control group with healthy boys that have preformed the same tests in other studies. Our questions were:1. How does BMI relate between IDDM-children and healthy peers?2.

The aim of this essay was to study the nitrogen flow in two willowplantations, at different locations in the south of Sweden, that wereirrigated with sewage. The study was also performed to compare thedifferences in nitrogen flows between two years, 1998 and 1999. The studywas made in three parts. First, the denitrification activity was measuredusing the acetylen inhibition method. Second the nitrogen flow, as well asthe water- and heat flows, were modeled through the SOIL-SOILN-modelThird; the nitrogen flow was calculated to compare with the results fromthe model.The results from the measurements were then compared with the resultsfrom the SOILN-simulations to detect differences in the denitrificationrate.

This study was conducted at the City Abattoir in Kampala, Uganda to evaluate the cleaning process, with focus on bacterial pathogens, in a pilot scale integrated bioprocess. This consisted of four steps: anAerobic sequencing batch reactors; Aerobic/anoxic sequencing batch reactors; a high performance temperature controlled methanogenesis digester and a constructed wetland. The objective was to determine if this type of cleaning process could be used to clean wastewater from abattoirs in a satisfactory way. The indicator organisms for faecal contamination, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. were used to investigate in what numbers bacteria could be found in the untreated wastewater and how much that was reduced in the different steps of the cleaning process. The water was analysed for Salmonella to see if human pathogens could be found and could survive the different steps of the treatment process.

Bioenergi är en stor industri i Sverige och står för en betydande del av energiomsättningen. Bioenergi i form av flis förvaras runt om i landet på hög i väntan på förbränning. Då högarna läggs upp startar olika processer som värmer upp stacken, ofta till temperaturer på 50°C under det första dygnet. En vanlig ansats i litteraturen är att denna temperaturstegring beror på aerob nedbrytning. Arbetet ämnar undersöka om denna uppvärmning endast beror av mikrobiella aktiviteter.

In the production of pulp, paper and cardboard, a large amount of water is used daily. The water has to be purified in the internal purifying plant before it reaches the receiving body of water. In the biological purifying stage at the Stora Enso Skoghall mill, an aerated basin is used where the microorganisms, using oxygen, oxidize the organic material to carbon dioxide. The air is pumped from the bottom of the basin and the oxygen can then be transported from the air bubbles to the water through diffusion. The problem with aeration of waste water from the forest industry is that wood residues, such as fatty acids, are making the transport of oxygen in water more difficult.

Emissions of insufficiently treated wastewater, mainly blackwater (i.e. wastewater from toilets), contributes to the eutrophication of lakes and seas. At the same time, blackwater is a fraction with a low content of heavy metals and, after sanitization, it can recirculate plant nutrients to arable land using the liquid composting treatment method. Liquid composting means that organic material is degraded under Aerobic conditions. For sanitization, the blackwater needs to be treated together with energy-rich complementary material.

Deicing fluids based on Propylene glycol are used at Stockholm Arlanda airport to remove or prevent ice on aircrafts. The high oxygen demand of propylene glycol can cause oxygen depletion in rivers downstream from the airport if not collected. Mass balance calculations made by Swedavia indicate that the actual amount of gathered propylene glycol is underestimated. Suspicions that propylene glycol is degraded in the stormwatersystem designed to collect deicingfluids, called the B-glycolsystem, have to be investigated in order to establish with certainty that no propylene glycol in other ways leaves the B-glycol system.The purpose of this study was to determine if degradation of propylene glycol is present in the B-glycol system and also to estimate the extent of the degradation. Propylene glycols high biological oxygen demand can cause oxygen depletion in waters downstream from Stockholm Arlanda airport if not collected.

All over the world the waste from human society is causing problems. In developing countries, large cities are polluted through huge amounts of wastes and people are forced to live very close to open deposits. Lima, capital of Peru, is no exception. The countryside in Peru has also a great challenge to face concerning the waste issue. Children and adults suffer from infectious diseases and contamination of the nature occurs as well. One solution to handle organic waste is to compost, which means a controlled decomposition of organic waste under Aerobic conditions at certain temperatures.

Because of the increasing trends in energy consumption and increased environmental awareness, greater focus has been placed on improvement and development of renewable energy sources. An already proven and accepted method is biogas production from anAerobic digestion at municipal wastewater treatment plants.In the waste water treatment process solid material and dissolved pollutants are separated from the water, forming a sludge. The sludge is separated from the process and stabilized during anAerobic digestion or Aerobic aeration. Most often, mesophilic anAerobic digestion is used. Because of degradation by microorganisms, biogas with a high content of methane is formed during the digestion.

Lake Bornsjön is situated 30 km southwest of Stockholm in a rift valley lake and consist three basins outstretched in northwest-southeast direction. The surface area is 6,7 km2 with a maximum depth of 18,3 meters, a mean depth of 9,8 meters and a retention time of the water of 6,5 years. The drainage area is 42 km2 and consists mainly of arable land (ca 1000 ha) and productive forestry land (2500 ha), but in the drainage area there are also restored and fairly newly constructed wetlands.Today the Stockholm area receives its drinking water from Lake Mälaren, but if there would be any pollution of this source, Lake Bornsjön would act as the water source. The area surrounding the lake was bought already in 1899 by Stockholm Stad for protection of the lake and was taken over 1993 by Stockholm Vatten AB. It has been a water protection area from 1988 and it was also accepted as a nature reserve in 1995.

Chile and Santiago are struggling with heavy environmental problems as a consequence of urbanisation and industrialisation. In the Santiago region the air is seriously contaminated and most of the rivers are classified as heavily polluted.The aim of this thesis is to survey the industrial fluid waste situation in the Santiago region and to make suggestions on technological improvements or process changes. The purpose is also to study five different enterprises more closely and to give more detailed suggestions for improvement. Another purpose is to summarize relevant Chilean legislation.Information, provided by the supervisory authority, about the release of industrial wastewater to rivers has been analysed. Deep interviews have been made with authorities and consultants.

Hammarby Sjöstad is a new district in southern Stockholm. A main objective with the Sjöstad project was to halve the environmental impact compared to other construction work. The environmental goals involve a halved water consumption rate, a local treatment of storm water and trials aiming to extract nutrients from the waste water. Sjöstadsverket is an experimental treatment plant used for testing new treatment processes for domestic waste water from Hammarby Sjöstad. The results are to be compared with the conventional process used at Henrikdals treatment plant today.

Syfte och frågeställningarSyftet med den här studien var att undersöka den aeroba fysiska aktivitetsnivån hos gymnasieungdomar på Bygg- och anläggningsprogrammet under skoldagar som innehöll teorilektioner, praktiska lektioner, idrottslektioner och raster. Frågan som ställdes var: Hur ser den fysiska aktivitetsnivån ut under teorilektioner, praktiska lektioner och lektioner i idrott och hälsa samt under raster hos gymnasieelever på Bygg- och anläggningsprogrammet.MetodI studien deltog 9 pojkar i åldern 16 år, längd 174-192cm och vikt 51-91kg. Den test som genomförts är 5 Minuters Pyramid Test (5MPT) och registrering av aerob fysisk belastning gjordes med hjärtfrekvensmätningar. 5MPT är ett skytteltest som är fem minuter långt, där försökspersonen tar sig fram och tillbaka mellan två stolpar och så snabbt som möjligt passerarfram och tillbaka över en vertikal pyramidformad trappramp (sträcka 5,5 meter). Antalet vändor, skattad ansträngning samt hjärtfrekvens (HF) registrerades.