SammanfattningI arbetet beskrivs olika beteenden och fysiologiska förändringar som kan indikera smärta hos hund. Det finns också en kort beskrivning av tre smärtbedömningskalor: Visuell analog skala (VAS) Glasgow Composite Pain Scale Short Form (GCPS) och University of Melbourne Pain Scale (MPS). Dessa skalor har utvecklats som verktyg för att gradera smärta. VAS har tagits fram för humanvården och de andra är utvecklade för bedömning av postoperativ smärta hos hund. Arbetet innehåller också en mindre studie, där skalorna jämförs mot varandra.

Background: Fall injuries are a costly problem for society, with costs ranging up to 14 billion a year. In addition to economic loss accidental falls also creates human value losses and reduced quality of life for its victims. In order to prevent the occurrence of injury related to accidental falls healthcare providers utilize various scientifically developed risk assessment tools, one of them being Downton Fall Risk Index. Method: Empirical, quantitative cross-sectional study. Objective: The purpose of the extended essay was to describe the categories in Downton Fall Risk Index that have a bearing on patients' risk of falling while in hospital and in municipal care, and to illustrate how nurses can use the fall risk assessment tool.

Escherichia (E) coli is one of the most common udder pathogens associated with acute clinical mastitis in Swedish dairy cows. The aim of this study is to review some of the existing literature on E coli mastitis from a Swedish perspective. The bacteria, its most important characteristics, and diagnostics under field conditions is covered, as well as what happens during infection, how E coli affects the cow and which consequences this have. Clinical symptoms associated with E coli mastitis are described and information on when these cases of mastitis usually occurs is given. Risk factors in the cow?s enviroment are described as well as the importance of the cow?s immune defence.

Background: Heart ischemia is a disease affected by behaviour, lifestyle and heredity. The disease is more common in the western world and the number of those who suffer increases. The mortality has reduced thanks to that medical resources and knowledge have approved. Purpose: The purpose of this study of the literature was to find out what patients experienced emotionally at an acute heart attack. Methods: A study of literature where scientific articles has been refereed and analyzed, then resulted into five categories presented in the result.

Sahlgrenska Academy at University of GothenburgDepartment of Clinical NutritionAbstractTitle: The effect of nutritional treatment on functional recovery after stroke, a systematic reviewAuthor: Ingrid Blankenau and Amanda LindbladSupervisor: AnneMarie GrönbergExaminer: Anna WinkvistProgramme: Dietician study programme, 180/240 ECTS Type of paper: Examination paper, 15 hpDate: April 13, 2011Background: Every year 30 000 people in Sweden suffer from stroke. This costs society about twelve billion SEK. Many stroke survivors experience functional impairment which may lead to difficulties for them to meet their nutritional needs. Nutritional treatment is important in the recovery process after stroke as malnutrition increases the risk of complications.Objective: To investigate the possible effect of nutritional treatment on functional recovery after stroke.Search strategy: The search was conducted in the databases PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane by using the English keywords stroke, nutrition, rehabilitation, functional outcome, recovery, acute stroke, ischemic stroke, ischemic acute stroke, nutrition therapy, brain hemorrhage, functional recovery and nutritional rehabilitation.Selection criteria: Studies published before 2001 conducted on human subjects who suffer from stroke where they measured functional capacity and did a nutritional intervention, written in English, Swedish or Norwegian, and did not have to be requested from the library.Data collection and analysis: A systematic search was performed in PubMed. Studies which had an interesting heading were examined and abstract read.

Thousands of people all over the world suffer from injuries that temporary affects their ability to speak or inother ways communicate. A very common procedure for persons that suffer from some kind of breathingproblem in the higher parts of the neck is called tracheotomy. This prevents the patient from speaking whenno air passes the vocal cords. There have been many studies done to understand how these patientsexperience this period. The results are consistent, the patients often feel fear, frustration and worries aboutthe future.Tobii Technology develops a technique called eyetracking wich enables persons to control a computer with theeyes.

InledningTriathlon är en uthållighetsidrott där momenten simning, cykel och löpning utförs i en följd. Svensk triathlon har vuxit beträffande antal utövare och tävlingar sedan år 2005.Syfte och frågeställningarStudiens syfte var att undersöka hur de tidigare outforskade svenska triathleter är fördelade beträffande kön, ålder och huvudsaklig tävlingsdistans, samt vilka skador som förekommerHur ser fördelningen ut mellan män och kvinnor som tränar/tävlar mot viss distans?Hur ser fördelningen ut mellan olika kategorier av erfarenhet (år av idrottsutövande) mellan dem som tränar/tävlar mot viss distans?Hur är prevalensen för olika skador och hur ser skadepanoramat ut?Hur är prevalensen för skadeproblematik i förhållande till huvudsaklig tävlingsdistans?MetodEn enkätundersökning baserad på tidigare internationell forskning bestående av tolv flervalsfrågor skapades beträffande den svenske triathletens bakgrund, erfarenheter, tränings- och/eller tävlingsdistans och skadeproblematik. Totalt inkom 614 varav 564 (92 %) kompletta svar. Studiens resultat visar på att triathleter som tränar och/eller tävlar i sprintdistans är de som är mest skadefria (30 %).

The traditional view of maintenance is machine-based, where acute maintenance tasks are highly valued. Preventive maintenance is viewed as secondary and less desirable to work with. The more modern view is to regard maintenance as a process. The machine-driven tasks are still necessary but are viewed as a part of the big picture.The purpose of this study is to examine how to high light general difficulties concerning maintenance management to aid organizations to reflecting upon their own situation. The study is based upon a pilot study initiated by ProcessIT concerning relevant key figures in maintenance.

Laminitis is a common but devastating condition, and affected horses are often euthanized or influenced a very long time. Many horses never return to their original capacity. Laminitis is often associated with severe pain and a long time of convalescence. Symthoms includes lameness, hoof hyperthermia, strenghthened digital pulse and pain. The horse often tries to move the body weight away from the forelegs which are often more severly affected than the hindlimbs.

The Swedish dairy production today consists of big farms and different housing systems are in use. These systems put demands on the cows? ability to cope with the environment and one challenge is the claw health in the herds. Some claw lesions that are frequently observed are foot rot, hemorrhages, digital dermatitis and sole ulcers, which can be caused by, for example, the claws? environment and the flooring type used.

Thermography is the assesment of the surface temperature of the horses body and it falls into the categori of physiological imaging. Thermography allows us to portray inflammation and changes in sympathetic tone in a graphical manner. The purpose of this study was to review thermography in equine medicine and to evaluate thermography as an aid in the diagnosis of lamness in horses. Thermography has been helpful to identyfy sprains, stress fractures, shin splints and soft tissue, tendon, ligamentous and nerv injuries and to monitor healing processes during rehabilitation. Routine thermography may reveal inflammatory responses prior to clinical signs. In present study thermograpy gave especially valuabel information in two cases. In one horse reduced blood flow in a. saphena due to a thrombosis were visualised and in the other horse bilateral thoracolumbal radiculopati was diagnosed.

There is much research into the reasons why a temporary pain, in some individuals, becomes chronic. Many of the causal factors linked with pain also seems to coexist with social anxiety, public self-consciousness and, to some extent, private self-consciousness. The purpose of this study was to investigate and identify possible patterns of self-consciousness (private and public), social anxiety and pain. This was done by a cross-sectional study in which a questionnaire was distributed to students at Örebro University. A total of 302 completed questionnaires were received.

Människors allmänna välbefinnande och livskvalitet påverkas av deras sömn.    Sömnproblemen ökar och resulterar i ökade kostnader för den enskilde, arbetsgivarna och samhället. Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva effekter av sömnhygieniska åtgärder riktade till individer inom hälsovården med primär insomni. Resultatet visade att en kombination av åtgärder utifrån personliga behov gav bäst resultat men också att det rådde begreppsförvirring runt sömnhygieniska åtgärder och deras effektivitet. Fördjupad kunskap behövs vad det gäller de enskilda sömnhygieniska rådens effektivitet.

The use of chainsaws in both private forestry and commercial companies is highly associated with personal injuries and accidents with deadly outcome. As a result to this, a driver?s license for chainsaws was presented in the year 2005. To get the license you have to attend a course given by the Swedish Forest Agency or one of several private educators. This study is an evaluation of one course given by the Swedish Forest Agency in Uppsala.

Half of Sweden?s 140 000-150 000 sows are culled and replaced by 75 000 gilts annually. Culling of old sows is necessary and allows new breeding material to enter the herd. However, many of the culled sows are young, and have not yet become profitable at the time for culling. Therefore, it is an important question for the pig industry, how to raise gilts to sows with a high and sustainable production level.