Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate how VAS (Visual Analogue Scale) is used in the prehospital environment, and describe how patients 40 years and older with acute chest pain describe their pain with help of VAS. Further, to investigate how the literature describes other instruments to evaluate pain. Method: This was a descriptive study and used both literature and empiric material as foundation. The selection consist of the paramedics medical record from one emergency department, 100 men and 100 women with chest pain witch had been transported with ambulance to one hospital in middle of Sweden. A literature review was done in order to see what previous research recommends for pain rating scales.Results: The study showed that 71 (35 %) of 200 individuals pain were rated with VAS according to the guidelines for the ambulance department.

The purpose was to examine relations between motivation and goal orientation, perceived ability and perceived motivational climate among persons working out in gym. Another purpose was to study differences in motivation, perceived ability and motivational climate among men and women. The final purpose was to study interactional effects on the dependent variable motivation. The participants were 59 men and 69 women. The instruments used were Task and Ego Goal Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ), Harter´s Competence scale and part of Mahoneys R-5 test.

Det föreligger ett ökat behov av placeringar inom sjuksköterskeutbildningens verksamhetsförlagda utbildning. Syftet med den här interventionsstudien är att kartlägga sjuksköterskestudenters tillfredsställelse med lärandemiljön och handledningen i två olika handledningsmodeller. Interventionsgruppen (IG) handleds i par av en handledare i en studentsal, s.k. peer learning och kontrollgruppen (KG) enligt traditionell handledningsmodell. För datainsamlingen har en validerad enkät, CLES + T (Clinical Learning Environment, Supervision and Nurse Teacher evaluation scale) använts.

The essay deals with questions concerning the reasons, difficulties and subjects for rejoicing which various people experience when visiting "voluntarily" old, lonely people in the congregation of Trollhättan. What knowledge is developed and which values are formed? How is aging and solitude experienced? The visits are co-ordinated by two lay workers employed by the Swedish Church. The study is built on oral interviews in April and May 2003 from a questionaire using open questions. The research group consists of six women between 65-80 of age with 1-30 years´ experience.Inner reasons, contact with other people in similar situations, positive responses to visits, and meetings in the visiting service group seem to be the principal driving forces.

Trots en hög andel unga med psykosomatiska besvär visar statistiken även att ungdomar generellt upplever sig ha en god psykisk hälsa, ett gott humör, god självkänsla och en god framtidstro. Denna studie fokuserar på att utforska hur varaktiga mönster av stresshanteringsstrategier hos ungdomar kan relateras till deras subjektivt upplevda välbefinnande i termer av affektiva tillstånd och kognitiva bedömningar av livstillfredsställelse. En enkätundersökning genomfördes med 104 deltagare, varav 80 kvinnor, i åldrarna 15 till 19 år. Mätinstrument som användes var svenska versioner av COPE Inventory, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule och Satisfaction With Life Scale. Resultatet visade att emotionsfokuserade copingstrategier i högre grad än respektive problemfokuserade strategier predicerade välbefinnande, vilket skiljer sig från tidigare resultat där de senare stått för detta samband främst i studier med vuxna.

Funktionell fotledsinstabilitet, FAI, beskrivs som en känsla av att foten ger vika. Vid FAI skadas fotens strukturer och skapar då instabilitet, nedsatt proprioception, styrka och muskelaktivitet. Rehabiliteringen av FAI syftar till att återställa den funktionella stabiliteten. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att granska den vetenskapliga litteraturen avseende effekterna av rehabilitering på funktionell fotledsinstabilitet. Metod: Litteratursökning skedde i fem databaser, och totalt 170 artiklar hittades, varav 12 inkluderades.

On the behalf of the European commission suggestions were made on how to increase the usage of public transportation in cities in Europe. A suggestion on how to make public transportation more popular was to use more emotions when marketing public transportation. However, according to theory emotional marketing is best suited for products that have a more hedonic character which public transportation does not usually have. The aim of this report was to investigate if emotional marketing could have a more positive effect on the attitude toward public transportation than less emotional marketing. Ads for the metro in Stockholm were made and it was tested to what degree they conveyed positive emotions.

Open access (OA) is a publishing model aimed at increasingthe access to academic research results. The object of thisstudy was to contrast nine colleges and four fundingorganizations in Scandinavia with mandatory OA-policies,and to study how they put OA into practice.Inspired by the Open Access Spectrum (OAS), a tool used toappreciate the OA of academic journals, the aim was tograde the policy documents of the colleges using the OASmodel.The study also compares how the colleges implementtheir OA-policies as well as how, and if, the demands fromthe funding organizations are reflected in the policies of thecolleges.The findings show that the OAS is not a tool designed forgreen OA and that all the information needed for the scale tofunction was not found in the policy documents we studied.A selection of the colleges has some demands in theirpolicies, although most of them allow exceptions to be madefrom the mandatory policy. This is shown to be mainly aquestion of academic freedom, and copyright, or rather thanthe degree to which the scientist and the publisher can cometo an agreement on allowing the information to be accessiblethrough OA.The study proposes that the way to change this may be toincrease the demands on OA in the policies, and that the bestsolution might be in stipulations within the employmentcontracts between the individual colleges and scientist..

Intelligibility is a central concept in speech-language pathology regarding assessment and treatment of speech. At present, there is no reliable or valid Swedish test for measuring intelligibility. The main purpose of the current study was to conduct a clinical trial of the computer-based intelligibility test ?Swedish test of intelligibility for children? and to investigate the test?s reliability. Another purpose was to investigate the reliability of the rating form ?Intelligibility in context scale?.

This essay is a case study about the Swedish Armed Forces during the years 1988-2004; when it transformed from a force constructed to meet an invasion, to an international force with the primary mission to help subdue conflicts around the world. The essay uses texts and documents to examine what happened between these years and to find out what drove that change.By asking the questions A) ?What happened between the years 1988-2004?? and B) ?What is the difference between the Armed Forces in 1988 and in 2004??, it is possible to also ask C)?Why did the Swedish Armed Forces change??.The essay is divided into three main parts; 1) a theory-part focused on three main theories of international relations: liberalism, realism, and constructivism, 2) a historical case study examining the evolvement of the Armed Forces during these years, and 3) a conclusions section that uses thethree theories of international relations to examine why this change happened.In examining the historical period and making conclusions about the differences between these years it was also necessary to construct a scale of military power, on which the historical case study is based..

Aim: The aim of the current study was to investigate nurses? experiences of caring for palliative patients in palliative home care, and to examine the coping strategies they use.Method: The study was empirical descriptive with qualitative approach. The data was collected by nine semi-structured interviews and analyzed by using manifest content analysis.Result: By analysing data three categories: Positive experiences of palliative home care, Stressful experiences of palliative home care and Problem-focused coping strategies, and 15 subcategories, were distinguished.Conclusion: Experiences of palliative home care were both of positive and challenging characters. Stressful situations were managed by problem-focused coping strategies. Nurses are in need of the work situation at home to become more ergonomic and designed to protect the nurse?s physical wellbeing.

Parkinsons sjukdom drabbar 15 av 10 000 personer. Sjukdomen kan påverka gången genom freezing, då individen stannar upp och är oförmögen att fortsätta att gå. Detta är ett mycket besvärande symtom som kan behandlas med olika cueingstrategier. Även gånghastighet kan förbättras med hjälp av cueingstrategier. I den senaste litteraturstudien var evidensen för cueing oenig.

An analysis of a specific application of anaerobic wastewater treatment at a pulp and board mill, Stora Enso Skoghall, was carried out. A literature study was done and effluent wastewater from CTMP pulp production was analyzed. The analysis consisted of a broad constituent analysis and an anaerobic treatment trial. Results from these test where used to calculate the treatment effectiveness and resulting energy potential at the mill.The literature study and constituent analysis showed that toxicity of the water to be treated, due to wood extractives and sulphur content, was of concern. Detoxification chemicals targeting these constituents where used in the anaerobic treatment trial.

Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva vilka kunskaper sjuksköterskor har om äldre över 65 år med depression. Studiens syfte var även att beskriva vad som finns i litteraturen om depression hos äldre över 65 år. Depression hos äldre är vanligt, underdiagnostiserat och inkorrekt behandlad. Den orsakar dåligt välbefinnande och ökar vårdtyngden och dödligheten.Studien är en beskrivande litteraturstudie baserad på arton vetenskapliga artiklar. Litteratursökningar gjordes i databaserna CINAHL och PubMed samt manuellt i Högskolans bibliotek.

Svenson (2009) har visat att olycksrisker, restidsvinster ochinbromsningshastigheter i trafiken skattas med systematiska fel.Svensons studier har replikerats i denna studie för att se om de biassom tidigare upptäckts består. Studien undersöker också om det finnsen korrelation mellan storleken på bias och resultatet på subjectivenumeracy scale (SNS). Fagerlin et al. (2007) utvecklade SNS som ettverktyg för att mäta den subjektiva upplevelsen av en personsnumeracy. I denna undersökning har SNS översatts till svenska frånengelska och skalegenskaperna för den svenska versionen har ocksåundersökts.